Post by fredashbolt on Dynamically Update JSON Payload ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am trying to generate a JSON payload populated with a value that updates for use with a telemetry system, the payload is to be published by MQTT. I have established the MQTT client and can publish a working JSON payload but I can't get the payload to update as the value (iValue) changes. I am using a timer to trigger the .SetValue function periodically, but the JSON will only give the value as it is when it is first initialized using xFirst IF statement. Any suggestions? Thanks VAR pJsonData : POINTER TO JSON.JSONData := factory.Create(); fb_JBuilder : JSON.JSONBuilder; diRootIndex, diObject1Index : DINT; iValue : INT := 10 ; jsonArrayWriter : JSON.JSONByteArrayWriter; wsJsonData : WSTRING(1000); xFirst : BOOL := TRUE; utf8JsonData : STRING(2000); diTempVal : DINT ; PublishTimer : TON ; END_VAR IF xFirst = TRUE THEN fb_JBuilder ( pJsonData := pJsonData , diRootObj => diRootIndex ) ; diObject1Index := fb_Jbuilder.SetKeyWithObject ( "Device" , diParentIndex := diRootIndex ) ; diTempVal := fb_Jbuilder.SetKeyWithValue ( "Temp" , iValue , diParentIndex := diObject1Index ) ; xFirst := FALSE ; END_IF PublishTimer ( IN := PublishTimer.Q = 0 , PT := T#5S ) ; IF PublishTimer.Q THEN fb_JBuilder.SetValue ( iValue , diTempVal ) ; END_IF jsonArrayWriter( xExecute := PublishTimer.Q , pwData := ADR(wsJsonData), udiSize := SIZEOF(wsJsonData), jsonData := pJsonData^, xAsyncMode := FALSE ) ; JSON.Stu.ConvertUTF16toUTF8( ADR ( wsJsonData ) , ADR ( utf8JsonData ) , SIZEOF ( utf8JsonData ) , bStrictConversion := TRUE ) ;
Last updated: 2026-03-10

Post by ironplc on Ausführen von OPC-UA-Methodenaufrufen auf dem Server durch die SPS als Client ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo Zusammen, ich arbeite aktuell an einer Applikation, bei der im OPC-UA-Server eines Geräts ein Methodenaufruf implementiert ist, der für die Ansteuerung des Geräts erforderlich ist. Meine Steuerung agiert in diesem Fall als OPC-UA-Client und kommuniziert mit dem entsprechenden Server. Mit der Software UaExpert oder über eine entsprechende Hochsprache lässt sich der Methodenaufruf problemlos ausführen. Die Umsetzung im IEC-Code in CODESYS ist wohl etwas komplexer, wie ich festgestellt habe. Ich habe aktuell folgende Dinge schon ausprobiert: Symbolkonfiguration Diese entfällt in meinem Fall, da die Symbolkonfiguration nur die Funktionalität für einen OPC-UA Server bereitstellt (Oder?). Da meine Steuerung als Client agiert, kann ich diese Funktion wohl nicht nutzen. Kommunikationsverwalter Diesen kann ich aktuell nur eingeschränkt nutzen, da der Gerätehersteller mit kein Offline-Informationsmodell zur Verfügung stellt / oder stellen möchte. Über das Standardinformationsmodell der OPC-UA-Foundation werden lediglich nur die digitale Signale integriert, jedoch nicht die Methodenaufrufe. CODESYS OPC-UA Client/Server API Hierzu existiert zwar ein Beispielprojekt von CODESYS, jedoch ist die Bibliotheksdokumentation doch sehr knapp gehalten. Für mich ist dies nur relativ schwer zu rekonstruieren. (Aber vielleicht ein Ansatz?) Hat von euch schon jemand Erfahrungen zu dieser Thematik gemacht? Oder ist die Funktionalität im OPC-UA-Stack von CODESYS derzeit noch nicht bzw. nur eingeschränkt implementiert? Hat hier jemand weitere Informationen oder Tipps für mich? Danke schonmal im Voraus!
Last updated: 2026-04-17

Post by jroddball79 on PM556-TP-ETH — How to change IP address without overwriting the PLC program? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I need to change the IP address of an ABB PM556-TP-ETH using ABB Automation Builder. The situation is: I have connectivity to the PLC using the current IP (configured in Communication Settings) Online Login works fine The Network Scan does not detect the PLC IP-Configuration tool shows all fields disabled I don't have the original project source, only an empty project The PLC has no SD card inserted The Online menu does not show an Upload option When I modify the IP in the project and connect, Automation Builder shows: "The PLC configuration needs to be updated. A full PLC download is required" I'm afraid a full download will overwrite the running program. Is there any way to change only the IP address without overwriting the application? I'm also open to solutions using third-party tools, Python scripts, or any other method (DCP protocol, direct TCP communication, etc.) as long as it doesn't overwrite the running application. Thank you
Last updated: 2026-05-19

Post by timvh on JSONByteArrayWriter string result incorrect order ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
See the example below. You can insert key/value pairs as required At first the JSON string will be filled with: "{$"Key1$": $"Value0$", $"Key2$": [{$"Key3$": 1, $"Key4$": 2}]}" With xAdd, you can insert items, which will result in: "{$"Key1$": $"Value0$", $"Key2$": [{$"Key3$": 1, $"Key4$": 2},{$"Key3$": 3, $"Key4$": 4}]}" VAR factory : JSON.JSONDataFactory; eDataFactoryError : FBF.ERROR; pJsonData : POINTER TO JSON.JSONData := factory.Create(eError => eDataFactoryError); fb_JBuilder : JSON.JSONBuilder; wsValue : WSTRING; diRootIndex, diObjectIndex1, diObjectIndex2, diObjectIndex3 : DINT; iValue : INT; jsonArrayWriter : JSON.JSONByteArrayWriter; wsJsonData : WSTRING(1000); xFirst : BOOL := TRUE; xWrite: BOOL; xAdd: BOOL; END_VAR IF xFirst THEN fb_JBuilder.Reset(); fb_JBuilder(pJsonData := pJsonData, diRootObj => diRootIndex); wsValue := "Value0"; fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("Key1", wsValue, diParentIndex := diRootIndex); diObjectIndex1 := fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithArray(wsKey := "Key2", diParentIndex := diRootIndex); diObjectIndex2 := fb_JBuilder.SetObject(diParentIndex := diObjectIndex1); iValue := 1; fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("Key3", iValue, diParentIndex := diObjectIndex2); iValue := 2; fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("Key4", iValue, diParentIndex := diObjectIndex2); xFirst := FALSE; xWrite := TRUE; END_IF IF xAdd THEN xAdd := FALSE; diObjectIndex3 := fb_JBuilder.SetObject(diParentIndex := diObjectIndex1); iValue := 3; fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("Key3", iValue, diParentIndex := diObjectIndex3); iValue := 4; fb_JBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("Key4", iValue, diParentIndex := diObjectIndex3); xWrite := TRUE; END_IF IF xWrite THEN xWrite := FALSE; jsonArrayWriter( xExecute := TRUE, wsLinebreak := "", pwData := ADR(wsJsonData), udiSize := SIZEOF(wsJsonData), jsonData := pJsonData^, xAsyncMode := FALSE ); END_IF IF jsonArrayWriter.xDone OR jsonArrayWriter.xError THEN jsonArrayWriter(xExecute := FALSE, pwData := ADR(wsJsonData), udiSize := SIZEOF(wsJsonData), jsonData := pJsonData^, xAsyncMode := FALSE); END_IF
Last updated: 2026-06-14

Post by wollvieh on Sysfile Konfiguration ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
...auch noch eine schöne Beschreibung zur Sysfile Konfiguration! Mit Version 3.5.19 wurde die Dateiverwaltung geändert. Siehe folgendes Problem: CDS-81506 – Sicherheitslücke im Dateizugriffssystem des CODESYS Control SysFile-Systems. Es gibt zwei Lösungen: Ändern Sie den Speicherort der Datei (Sie müssen zu /PlcLogic/ wechseln). Wenn Sie die Datei nicht in PlcLogic speichern möchten, fügen Sie die folgende Zeile in der CODESYSControl.cfg unter [SysFile] hinzu: ForceIecFilePath=0 Hier die offizielle Versionsbeschreibung: [[COMPATIBILITY_INFORMATION]] Durch die Aktivierung von ForceIecFilePath ist der Dateizugriff von IEC nun auf die konfigurierten Pfade beschränkt (Dateisandbox)! [SysFile] ForceIecFilePath=1 (neuer Standardwert) Der Standardpfad ist das aktuelle Verzeichnis, der PlcLogic-Unterordner oder ein konfigurierter Pfad. Jeder Dateizugriff außerhalb dieses Pfades wird über PlaceholderFilePath konfiguriert, beispielsweise der Zugriff auf temporäre Dateien oder Wechseldatenträger: [SysFile] PlaceholderFilePath.1=/tmp, $TMP$ PlaceholderFilePath.2=/media/usb, $USB$ PlaceholderFilePath.2.Volatile=1 Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserem Tutorial „Dateipfade & Platzhalter“. Um das alte Verhalten wiederherzustellen, kann ForceIecFilePath wie folgt konfiguriert werden: [SysFile] ForceIecFilePath=0 Wir empfehlen jedoch dringend, diese Einstellung auf dem neuen Standardwert zu belassen!
Last updated: 2026-01-21

Post by yannickasselin on Lenze i950 Servo and WAGO PFC200 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
In order to use SoftMotion Light, a servo drive needs to support CiA 402 operating modes: Profile Position (PP), Profile Velocity (PV) and Homing Mode (HM). https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20SoftMotion%20Light/_sm_light_requirements.html According to the Lenze i950 documentation you linked in your post, none of these modes are supported. Not even Homing Mode which explains why MC_Home does not work even with the full SoftMotion. The full SoftMotion uses Cyclic Synchronous Position Mode (CSP) but still uses Homing Mode (HM) when using MC_Home. You can monitor PDO 0x6060 (Mode of Operation). When using SoftMotion Light you will see it set to 1 (PP) for a MC_MoveAbsolute_SML and MC_MoveRelative_SML and to 3 (PV) for MC_MoveVelocity_SML and to 6 (HM) for MC_Home_SML. When using the SoftMotion instructions, it will pretty much always be set to 8 (CSP) except when using MC_Home, then it will be set to 6 (HM).
Last updated: 2026-02-13

Post by ilya-vah on Table element issues ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, First post here. I would like to clarify whether the following behavior is known or if it is a bugs. Issue 1 — First row not displayed when using Maximum array index with 1-based arrays Description: When displaying data from an array that is indexed starting from 1 (e.g., ARRAY[1..N]), and the number of displayed rows is limited using the Maximum array index property, the first row of the array is not shown in the visualization. Steps to reproduce: Create an array indexed from 1 (e.g., ARRAY[1..N]). Bind the array to a Table element. Limit the number of displayed rows using the Maximum array index property. Run the visualization. Actual result: The first array element (index 1) is not displayed in the table. Issue 2 — Tooltip string placeholder cannot be bound to string variable from array Description: It is not possible to use a string placeholder in the tooltip that is bound to a string variable from the array. Steps to reproduce: Use a table bound to an array containing string variables. Configure a tooltip using a string placeholder referencing a string field from the array. Run the visualization. Actual result: Tooltip doesn't show any text. A test project demonstrating both issues is attached. Thank you for your time and support.
Last updated: 2026-02-16

Post by eschwellinger on Editor FIND highlight color ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
To change the color of search result markings (the "find color") in the CODESYS Text Editor using Themes, follow these steps: Go to the menu: Tools → Options. In the Options dialog, select the Text editor category. Switch to the Theme tab. Here, you can select your desired color theme for the text editor. The available color schemes (themes) are stored in the installation directory in the Themes folder. To specifically adjust the color for search result markings, go to the Text Area tab within the Text editor options. Here, you can customize the Selection color – Inactive parameter, which determines the color used to highlight search results. Changing the theme will apply a new set of color settings, including those for selections and search highlights. If you want further customization, you can manually edit or create your own theme files in the Themes folder of your installation directory Example "c:\Program Files\CODESYS 3.5.21.50\CODESYS\Themes\myDefault.editortheme" https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Development%20System/_cds_dlg_options_text_editor.html
Last updated: 2026-03-12

Post by timvh on USB Game Controller with Raspberry Pi ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I'm not sure it will work, but you could try it with the CmpCharDevice library. You could create a function block that looks something like this: As input for the filename, you have to use your Linux device, e.g.: '/dev/input/event0' '/dev/input/by-path/platform-button@23-event' Off course you must also pass the pointer to the memory where the data can be written to and the size (count in number of bytes) of the buffer. FUNCTION_BLOCK FB_CharDevice VAR_INPUT szFilename: STRING; pbyBuffer : POINTER TO BYTE; udCount : UDINT; END_VAR VAR_OUTPUT iState : INT := 0; nrBytesRead : DINT; END_VAR VAR xInit : BOOL := TRUE; dFlags: DINT := CmpCharDevice.ACCESS_MODE.O_RDONLY + DINT#4000; // see details for flags: http://linux.die.net/man/2/open, + DINT#4000 is for non-blocking hDevice: CmpCharDevice.CmpCharDevice_Implementation.RTS_IEC_HANDLE := -1; Result : CmpCharDevice.CmpCharDevice_Implementation.RTS_IEC_RESULT; END_VAR IF xInit THEN hDevice := CmpCharDevice.CDOpen(szFilename, dFlags ,Result); // if it would not succeed, the result is -1 (Invalid handle) IF hDevice <> 16#FFFFFFFF AND Result = 0 THEN iState := 5; END_IF xInit := FALSE; END_IF IF iState = 5 THEN nrBytesRead := CmpCharDevice.CDRead(hDevice, pbyBuffer, udCount, Result); ELSE nrBytesRead := 0; END_IF Make sure you close the connection properly, maybe by overwriting the default FB_Exit method of the FB: // Clean up device IF hDevice <> 16#FFFFFFFF THEN __TRY CmpCharDevice.CDClose(hDevice,Result); __CATCH ; __ENDTRY iState := 0; END_IF
Last updated: 2026-05-01

Post by suyash on Device User Logon ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello. Basic Info : I am using Codesys Control For Raspberry Pi SL. Version 4.4.0.0 Engineering version : CODESYS V3.5 SP19 Patch 1 (Its a old application) I am facing a difficulty with the "Device User Logon". The window (screenshot attached) pops up during login. When i enter the credentials (which i feel are correct), the windows pops up again no matter how many times I enter. To ascertain, I tried entering the incorrect credentials during which its clearly specifying that i have entered them incorrectly (which is why I am quite certain about the credentials being correct). I even tried going into Communication Settings > Device(drop down) > Change Runtime secuirity policy . However it again asks me for credentials which keep popping up again and again. I am thinking of upgrading the runtime to the latest version of 4.20 Will it cause any issues with the paid license? Please suggest me a solution. BR, Suyash
Last updated: 2026-05-13

Post by brouwyka on JSONByteArrayWriter string result incorrect order ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello everybody! We are currently working on implementing a call to an API that tracks data sent to it through a JSON body. Versions: CODESYS V3.5 SP19 Patch 7 using IIOT Libraries SL license, specifically JSON Utilities SL version 1.13.0.0. For simplicity, let's say we want to construct the following JSON body for our request (simplified to just 1 key-value pair in each of the array objects to keep things shorter, but we'd have multiple fields in each in reality): { "id": "machine_1", "readings": [ { "temp_mid": 153.8 }, { "temp_mid": 98.3 } ], "status": "RUNNING" } However, our "readings" data is added over time, not in creation, so calls to the builder would be somewhat out of order. In a simplified manner, our calls would look like this: jsonBuilder(pJsonData := JsonData, diRootObj => rootJsonIndex); // rootJsonIndex = 0. // Set "id" at root JSON object. wsValue := "machine_1"; jsonBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("id", wsValue, diParentIndex := rootJsonIndex); // JSONData KEY: diParentIndex = 0 & diIndex = 1, VALUE: diParentIndex = 1 & diIndex = 2. // ... Time passes, we get our first reading to add ... // The "readings" array does not exist yet, so we make it first at root JSON object before adding our first reading. readingsJsonArrayIndex := jsonBuilder.SetKeyWithArray("readings", diParentIndex := rootJsonIndex); // JSONData KEY: diParentIndex = 0 & diIndex = 3, VALUE: diParentIndex = 3 & diIndex = 4. // Then add the first reading, for which we first have to make an object. readingsJsonArrayObjectIndex := jsonBuilder.SetObject(diParentIndex := readingsJsonArrayIndex); // JSONData OBJECT: diParentIndex = 4 & diIndex = 5. // And then we add the field(s) in the object for the first reading. // NOTE the use of `readingsJsonArrayObjectIndex` so we set the field(s) in the first object in the array. rValue := 153.8; jsonBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("temp_mid", wsValue, diParentIndex := readingsJsonArrayObjectIndex); // JSONData KEY: diParentIndex = 5 & diIndex = 6, VALUE: diParentIndex = 6 & diIndex = 7. // ... Time passes, we want to add another root-JSON-level field ... // Set "status" at root JSON object. wsValue := "RUNNING"; jsonBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("status", wsValue, diParentIndex := rootJsonIndex); // JSONData KEY: diParentIndex = 0 & diIndex = 8, VALUE: diParentIndex = 8 & diIndex = 9. // ... Time passes, we want to add a second reading ... // "readings" array exists, so add the second reading, but first we have to make another object. // NOTE the re-use of the earlier stored `readingsJsonArrayIndex`, so we add the new object to that previously created array. readingsJsonArrayObjectIndex := jsonBuilder.SetObject(diParentIndex := readingsJsonArrayIndex); // JSONData OBJECT: diParentIndex = 4 & diIndex = 10. // And then we add the field(s) in the object for the first reading. // NOTE the use of `readingsJsonArrayObjectIndex` so we set the field(s) in the SECOND(, new) object in the array. rValue := 98.3; jsonBuilder.SetKeyWithValue("temp_mid", wsValue, diParentIndex := rootJsonIndex); // JSONData KEY: diParentIndex = 10 & diIndex = 11, VALUE: diParentIndex = 11 & diIndex = 12. // ... Finally, we want to send to the API, so we must convert the builder to data the client accepts as a body ... xTestWriteToJsonArray := TRUE; jsonArrayWriter( xExecute := xTestWriteToJsonArray, pwData := ADR(jsonDataString), udiSize := SIZEOF(jsonDataString), jsonData := JsonData^ ); IF jsonArrayWriter.xDone THEN // The writer was successful, the `jsonDataString` VAR should now contain a WString copy of the JSON object from the builder. xTestWriteToJsonArray := FALSE; END_IF We see that the JsonData STRUCT is correctly organised (in terms of the diParentIndex & diIndex set by it for each JsonElement) as we expect, as outlined in my comments in the simplified code above. However, as soon as we pass it to the jsonArrayWriter (which is a JSON.JSONByteArrayWriter), the resulting jsonDataString does not match our expectations, instead coming out like this: { "id": "machine_1", "readings": [ { "temp_mid": 153.8 } ] } { "temp_mid": 98.3 } "status": "RUNNING" The behaviour of the JSONByteArrayWriter thus seems to be the problem here. It does not seem to correctly process the children of JsonElements that are ARRAYs when additions to them are done broken up by additions to the lower level JSON OBJECT they are a part of. We have confirmed this by changing the order of the calls in our example to add both readings before adding the "status", in which case we get our expected outcome. However, in reality this is not possible for us - additions to any of the JSON's objects, arrays or array objects may happen at any time after other fields elsewhere in the JSON have been added. Does anyone know a way around this, a fix, or knows a solution we simply have not found? This same phenomenon was also noted on this forum by user @ryusoup at the end of 2023 (https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Engineering/thread/c45929e2f1/#e27f) and user @mtho in early 2024 (https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Engineering/thread/cd1bb450db/#1292) but both topics received no activity beyond both users' opening posts. Looking through the release notes of all the versions of the JSON Utilities SL library, I also did not see any remarks on resolutions of bugs in this vain. Thanks in advance for the assistance!
Last updated: 2026-06-10

Post by brouwyka on JSONByteArrayWriter string result incorrect order ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi @TimvH, As discussed in our email contact, your example does not actually test/reproduce the bug I am describing: Adding to the JSON builder on later cycles works fine. Your example works because you do the following: 1. You finish the first cycle (xFirst) with adding an object to the array with 2 fields; 2. When the next cycle is triggered (xAdd), you immediately start with adding another object to that array. This works fine as the last thing you did before #2 was the addition of the array and an object to it. To reproduce the bug you should be doing the following instead, as I showed with the code I shared with my first post: 1. Create the array - save the index that is returned; 2. Add an item, either a primitive or an object, to the array; 3. Add an item outside the array (anything: a primitive, a new array, a nested object, etc); 4. Add another item to the array using the index you saved at #1. You will now see, as I shared in my initial post, that the second item is placed completely outside the root JSON object. This also happens to anything else you try to add after step #4: everything after this point will be added outside the root JSON object: the JSON is completely broken. Important to note is that this not only happens with arrays, but also with nested JSON objects. Once you add something outside of a nested JSON object, you can no longer add anything to that nested JSON object, as that causes the exact same bug. This also applies to arrays of objects, so if in your test you had tried adding a new key-value pair to the first nested object in your array after you created the second nested object, you would also run into this bug. It seems that the JSONByteArrayWriter (I haven't tested the other writers in the JSON Utilities SL library, so I don't know if they suffer from the same problem) simply does not handle any JSON fields that add brackets (so arrays with "[" & "]" and nested objects with "{" & "}") well, and closes them prematurely instead of checking if any later JSONElements in the JSONData's array belong to any of these bracketed fields. After reviewing the objects & functions of the JSON Utilities SL library, my guess is that either the JSONByteArrayWriter linearly goes through the array of JSONElements in the JSONData and only checks the diParentIndex of each JSONElement in direct ascending order, OR if it does use the JSONElement.GetChildren(); method, that this method is either broken and doesn't give all children correctly to the writer. Neither explains why everything completely breaks, and you cannot even add to the root JSON object anymore, however, so there is probably more than just that going wrong in the writer. To me, after a full week of testing and attempting workarounds, this seems like a bug in the library that needs to be fixed by Codesys, as I cannot see anything wrong in the JSONData constructed by the JSONBuilder - this seems purely a problem in the writer.
Last updated: 2026-06-15

Post by thommy54 on CODESYSControl_User cfg richtig konfigurieren ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo, nach Erwerb eines neueren Raspberry pi 4 (V1.5) musste ich zwangsläufig von Codesys 3.5.16 hochwechseln - ich habe auf 3.5.20.1 geupdated. Da schlugen mir plötzlich ne Menge Einschränkungen entgegen, deren Behebung einige Zeit dauerte. Eine davon ist, das ein SysFile.SysFileOpen nicht mehr funktioniert. Ich habe das Problem mit Einträgen in der /etc/CODESYSControl.cfg behoben: [SysFile] FilePath.1=/etc/, 3S.dat IecFilePath.1=/proc/, cpuinfo IecFilePath.2=/proc/, iomem PlaceholderFilePath.1=/sys/devices/w1_bus_master1, $OneWire$ PlcLogicPrefix=1 ; ; ---------------------- ; selbst eingefügt PlaceholderFilePath.2=/home/root, $my_home_root$ PlaceholderFilePath.3=/etc/init.d, $my_conf$ PlaceholderFilePath.4=/var/lib/mpd, $my_music$ PlaceholderFilePath.5=/root/Rasp_SPS_Filesystem, $my_Rasp$ Ob die Einträge sich etwas überlappen, kann mir gern jemand sagen, das ist aber nicht das Problem. Ich habe bei den vielen Versuchen, das Teil zum Laufen zu bringen, bemerkt, daß die Einträge auch ganz schnell mal verschwinden. Das ist ja auch so beschrieben, wenn die nächste Version kommt, sind meine Einträge weg. Da ich ähnliche Probleme mit dem Funktionieren von "SysProcessExecuteCommand2()" hatte, die ich ebenfalls mit Einträgen in die /etc/CODESYSControl.cfg hätte beheben können, habe ich gelesen, das man "private" Einträge lieber in die Datei /etc/CODESYSControl_User.cfg machen soll. Gesagt getan und "SysProcessExecuteCommand2()" lief: [SysProcess] Command=AllowAll Command.0=shutdown Aber auch irgendwo stand, das so ein Beteichner wie [SysFile] oder [SysProcess] nur einmal in den beiden Files /etc/CODESYSControl.cfg oder(!) /etc/CODESYSControl_User.cfg vorkommen darf. Das ist nun die eigentliche Frage! Ist das so ? Bei [SysProcess] ist das kein Problem, das gibt es in /etc/CODESYSControl.cfg nicht. Aber bei [SysFile] sieht das anders aus. Da sind 5 Zeilen schon in /etc/CODESYSControl.cfg drin. Würde ich diese in die User-Datei rüberschieben, könnte beim nächsten Update was fehlen oder, oder... Lasse ich es so wie es ist, sind meine Einträge beim Update weg - das sollte ja verhindert werden. Kann da jemand genaue Auskunft geben ?? Vielen Dank Thomas
Last updated: 2024-06-28

Post by paulpotat on cm4 runtime problem ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I have exactly the same issue, with the following configuration : Hardware version >>> cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 3 (v7l) BogoMIPS : 108.00 Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32 CPU implementer : 0x41 CPU architecture: 7 CPU variant : 0x0 CPU part : 0xd08 CPU revision : 3 processor : 1 model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 3 (v7l) BogoMIPS : 108.00 Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32 CPU implementer : 0x41 CPU architecture: 7 CPU variant : 0x0 CPU part : 0xd08 CPU revision : 3 processor : 2 model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 3 (v7l) BogoMIPS : 108.00 Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32 CPU implementer : 0x41 CPU architecture: 7 CPU variant : 0x0 CPU part : 0xd08 CPU revision : 3 processor : 3 model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 3 (v7l) BogoMIPS : 108.00 Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm crc32 CPU implementer : 0x41 CPU architecture: 7 CPU variant : 0x0 CPU part : 0xd08 CPU revision : 3 Hardware : BCM2711 Revision : a03141 Serial : 10000000d5be5b5f Model : Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 Rev 1.1 Kernel version >>> uname -a Linux raspberrypi 6.1.21-v7l+ #1642 SMP Mon Apr 3 17:22:30 BST 2023 armv7l GNU/Linux OS Version >>> cat /etc/os-release PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)" NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux" VERSION_ID="11" VERSION="11 (bullseye)" VERSION_CODENAME=bullseye ID=raspbian ID_LIKE=debian HOME_URL="http://www.raspbian.org/" SUPPORT_URL="http://www.raspbian.org/RaspbianForums" BUG_REPORT_URL="http://www.raspbian.org/RaspbianBugs" /boot/config.txt I added the following line : arm_64bit=0 CodeSys runtime version 4.10 Were you able to solve the issue @michelebianchi ? Any help with this would be appreciated... BR
Last updated: 2024-08-28

Post by yannickasselin on MQTT QoS 1 & 2 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I am using Codesys sp20p3 and IIoT library 1.11. I am trying to test QoS 1 & 2 and I have some issues. I am using mosquitto as the broker. I am also using some other MQTT clients like Node-Red and TwinCAT. They all work as expected for every QoS levels. I only have issues with Codesys MQTT client. In the Codesys client, if I subscribe to a topic as QoS 1 or 2, and a client publishes to this topic, I receive the message. But if I disconnect the Codesys client from the network and a client publishes to the subscribed topic, when I reconnect Codesys client to the network, I don't receive the messages as expected. Also there does not seem to be an auto-reconnect feature. So I have to manually set the mqttClient.xEnable bit to FALSE then back to TRUE in order to reconnect to the broker, then I also have to set the subscribe.xEnable to FALSE and back to TRUE in order to re-subscribe to the topic, but even then, I don't receive the messages that were published while I was disconnected. What am I doing wrong? I set the cleanSession bit to FALSE and I give my client a clientID. With the TwinCAT MQTT Client, I do the same thing and everything works as expected. It even auto-reconnects to the broker. I would expect Codesys MQTT Client to be as reliable as TwinCAT. Maybe I am doing something wrong? I also noticed that when trying to publish a QoS 1 or 2 message while disconnected from the broker, it does not work. In TwinCAT, I am still able to publish. The messages are stored in the client and published once reconnected to the broker. I would expect to be able to do the same thing in Codesys. Is this all possible? Am I doing something wrong? Thank you
Last updated: 2024-10-26

Post by timo on String nach erlaubten/unerlaubten Zeichen durchsuchen ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo, Ich bastele gerade an einer möglichst einfachen Möglichkeit mit der ich prüfen kann ob ein String Sonderzeichen enthält. Mein Ansatz ist ein ST FB mit einer Case Schrittkette. Ich vergleiche jedes Zeichen des Strings mit allen Zeichen eines vorher definierten Strings erlaubter Zeichen, der A-Z, a-z und 0-9 enthält und ggf angepasst werden kann, wenn ich weitere Zeichen erlaube. Leider wird meine j Zählervariable nicht richtig ausgeführt. Hat da jemand eine Idee? Oder gibt es eine einfachere Lösung/einen fertigen FB den ich mir anschauen kann? FUNCTION_BLOCK Sonderzeichen_Check VAR_INPUT inputString : STRING; // Zu prüfender String startCheck : BOOL; // Startsignal END_VAR VAR_OUTPUT ok : BOOL; // TRUE, wenn keine ungültigen Zeichen END_VAR VAR i : INT := 1; // Input-String Zähler j : INT := 1; // erlaubte Zeichen Zähler allowedChars: STRING := 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'; // Erlaubte Zeichen currentChar : STRING[1]; // Aktuelles Zeichen step : INT := 0; // Schritt END_VAR CASE step OF 0: // Warten auf Start IF startCheck THEN step := 10; END_IF 10: // Initialisierungen i := 1; j := 1; ok := TRUE; // Standard: ok step := 20; 20: // Durchgehen des Eingangs-Strings IF i <= LEN(inputString) THEN currentChar := MID(inputString, i, 1); // Aktuelles Zeichen step := 30; ELSE step := 70; // Alle Zeichen ok END_IF 30: // Durchgehen der erlaubten Zeichen IF j <= LEN(allowedChars) THEN step := 40; // Zu Schritt 40 ELSE step := 60; // Ungültiges Zeichen END_IF 40: // Vergleich IF currentChar = MID(allowedChars, j, 1) THEN i := i + 1; // Nächstes Zeichen im Input step := 20; ELSE j := j + 1; // Nächstes erlaubtes Zeichen step := 30; END_IF 60: // Ungültiges Zeichen ok := FALSE; // Setze auf FALSE step := 0; 70: // Alle Zeichen ok step := 0; END_CASE
Last updated: 2025-01-20

Post by toffeebonbon on Die richtige CODESYS-Runtime auf dem Raspberry Pi ausrollen (3.5 SP18) ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Guten Morgen, wie der Titel verrät soll es hier um das Ausrollen der CODESYS Runtime auf einem Raspberry Pi gehen. Ob ein klassischer Raspberry Pi aus dem Consumer-Bereich oder ein Compute-Modul spielt in dem Fall keine Rolle. Ich möchte nur anderen Nutzern Hilfestellung geben, die vielleicht ein vergleichbares Problem haben wie ich: Auf Raspberry Pi lief bei mir eine Anwendung, die mit Lizenzen auf einem CODESYS-Dongle lizenziert waren (Multicore-Support und Softmotion). Nach einem Hardware-Defekt habe ich meinen Rasperry Pi gegen eine robustere Lösung getauscht. Ich wollte auf der neuen Hardware die Runtime ausrollen und habe ständig den Fehler gezeigt bekommen, dass die Target- oder Zielsystem-ID nicht stimmt. Für den Raspberry Pi gibt es ja drei verschiedene Optionen der Runtime: 32bit Singlecore (armv6l) 32bit Multicore (armv7l) 64bit Multicore (aarch64) Entscheidend dafür, ob die 32 oder 64 Bit Runtime benötigt wird ist das auf der dem Raspberry Pi installierte Betriebssystem. In meinem Fall hatte ich durch die neue Hardware auch ein aktuellen Betriebsystem-Image aufgespielt, weshalb sich da der Umstieg von 32 auf 64Bit eingeschlichen hatte. In der Entwicklungsumgebung kann über Tools -> Control SL ausrollen das Fenster geöffnet werden, um die richtige Laufzeitumgebung auf dem Steuerungsrechner zu installieren. Bei kleinen Bildschirmen (bei mir ein 15" Laptop) kann der rechte Bereich "abgeschnitten" und das Dropdown-Menü als solches nicht auf den ersten Blick erkennbar sein. Mein Fehler war, dass ich den Scrollbalken nicht gesehen habe! (Bild im Anhang mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Herrn Heberle vom CoDeSys-Support) Nach dem auswählen der jeweils passenden Version kann die Runtime installiert und das Programm wieder geladen werden. Die Lizenzen sind bei mir wieder korrekt erkannt worden und alles läuft wie vorher (nur mit neuer Hardware). Vielen Dank an der Stelle noch mal an die schnelle Hilfe vom Support. Das hat wirklich top funktioniert.
Last updated: 2025-02-27

Post by laurits on Max lines of code, codesys CNC ? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, yes now its working, to get "QUEUE.bFull" to work, I've had to set the "QUEUE.nNumReservedEntries" to 3. (I tried different values here, only effect for larger values i can see is the the queue capacity gets smaller.) I've noticed the movement is slowing down when it reaches the end of the "fill Up", must be because of the "checkVelocity" can only see the current "QUEUE". Any way of solving this ? BUF : ARRAY[0..20000] OF SMC_GEOINFO; xp : ARRAY[1..100000] OF REAL; yp : ARRAY[1..100000] OF REAL; CASE iState OF 000: IF R_TRIG_bStart.Q THEN iState := iState + 1; END_IF bReady := FALSE; //initialize Queue GEO.dT1:=0; GEO.dT2:=1; GEO.dToolRadius := 0; GEO.dVel := 15000; GEO.dVelEnd := 15000; GEO.dAccel := 2000; GEO.dDecel := 2000; GEO.iObjNo := 0; GEO.piDestPos.dX := 0; GEO.piDestPos.dY := 0; QUEUE.bEndOfList := FALSE; QUEUE.nPastMarker := -1; QUEUE.nWritePos := 0; QUEUE.pbyBuffer := ADR(BUF[0]); n := 0; sMC_CheckVelocities(bExecute:= FALSE); SM3_CNC.SMC_SetQueueCapacity(ADR(QUEUE), SIZEOF(BUF)); QUEUE.nNumReservedEntries := 3; 001: FOR i := 1 TO SIZEOF(xp)/SIZEOF(xp[1]) DO xp[i] := UDINT_TO_REAL(i) * 0.01; yp[i] := UDINT_TO_REAL(i) * 0.01; END_FOR iState := iState + 1; 002: WHILE NOT QUEUE.bFull DO // when the Queue is full, wait until it has been processed by the following FBs n := n + 1; GEO.iSourceLine_No := n; GEO.piStartPos := GEO.piDestPos; // copy last destination GEO.iMoveType := LIN; // generate linear movement GEO.iObjNo := GEO.iObjNo + 1; // calculate number GEO.piDestPos.dX := xp[n]; // generate position GEO.piDestPos.dY := yp[n]; SMC_CalcLengthGeo(pg := ADR(GEO)); // calculate length of object with the help of the standard function SMC_AppendObj(poq:=ADR(QUEUE), pgi:=ADR(GEO)); //append object to queue IF n = UDINT_TO_DINT( SIZEOF(xp)/SIZEOF(xp[1])) THEN // all target positions processed QUEUE.bEndOfList := TRUE; iState := iState + 1; EXIT; END_IF END_WHILE sMC_CheckVelocities(bExecute:= TRUE, poqDataIn:= ADR(QUEUE)); bReady := TRUE; // Send message to smc_interpolator to start 003:
Last updated: 2025-06-04

Post by jami on Reading multiple lines from csv file ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, i am trying to read multiple lines from csv file with caa file library and oscat. I have wrote 7 lines in the csv with separation '$R$L'. In my "extracting values" part I check line feeds and chars. After that I convert my buffer to string with oscat but I'm only able to read the first line from the csv. No matter if I even change start position where I start converting the buffer, I only get the first line. Here's my code for the reading and extracting value parts: 4: (*Reading the file*) fileread.hFile := filehandle; fileread.pBuffer := ADR(buffer); filesize1:=SIZEOF (buffer); fileread.szbuffer:=filesize1; fileread.udiTimeOut := 100000; fileread(xExecute := TRUE); IF fileRead.xDone THEN iFilesize:=TO_INT(fileread.szSize); writestate:=3; fileRead.xExecute := FALSE; END_IF 5: (*Extracting values*) //here i check the number of line feeds and chars. It works WHILE i < ifilesize DO c:=buffer[i]; IF c= 10 THEN IF lineindex<=99 THEN lineIndex := lineIndex + 1; END_IF ELSIF c <> 13 THEN IF charIndex <= 1000 THEN charIndex := charIndex + 1; END_IF END_IF i := i + 1; END_WHILE // Here i convert the buffer to string and transfer it to filelines:ARRAY[0..99] of string[254]. trig(CLK:=BUTTON); IF trig.Q THEN fileLines[i2]:=oscat_basic.BUFFER_TO_STRING(PT:=ADR(buffer), Size:=TO_UINT(fileread.szBuffer), start:=TO_UINT(bufferStart), stop:=TO_UINT(filesize1)); i2:=i2+1; bufferstart:=bufferstart+80; END_IF If anyone has idea how to read multiple lines, it would be nice. Even if you have example codes that work, that would help a lot.
Last updated: 2025-07-18

Post by rajatdas2005 on Codesys Virtual control SL ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Dear All, This is regarding Codesys Virtual control SL demo version. I am facing one issue. First I will describe the steps what I have followed till now. 1. In a PC I have Windows OS. Here Codesys IDE is installed, and also using the installer option of IDE I have also installed Codesys Virtual control SL. 2. A edge-gateway is also running in the same windows PC as local host. 3. Next I have a seperate PC with Ubuntu OS with docker installed. This machine is in the same network. 4. Now I have created a project in Windows machine using device "Codesys Virtual control SL". 5. In the Ubuntu machine I am running the Codesys Virtual control SL as docker and it is using the ubuntu machine network only. 6. Next using the localhost edge-gateway when I am searching the virtual control SL docker it is able to detect it. (screenshot attached) 7. But after creating the creadentials it is telling No Device is responding. 8. I have also checked the wireshark logs and able to see that in destination port 11740 data is coming. 9. From windows PC telnet ip 11740 is also working. 10. Ping is also working ===========================================LOGS ========================= sudo ss -tlnp | grep -E "(443|1217|4840|8080|11740)" LISTEN 0 10 10.135.114.142:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=21)) LISTEN 0 10 172.18.0.1:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=24)) LISTEN 0 10 172.17.0.1:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=23)) LISTEN 0 10 127.0.0.1:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=26)) LISTEN 0 10 192.168.122.1:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=22)) LISTEN 0 5 0.0.0.0:11740 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=20)) LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:8080 0.0.0.0: users:(("python3",pid=1280,fd=4)) LISTEN 0 10 172.19.0.1:4840 0.0.0.0: users:(("codesyscontrol.",pid=41864,fd=25))
Last updated: 2025-08-06

Post by westcountryewe on ac_persistence not working when creating a Boot Application but works with a Direct Download to the PLC ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am using V3.5 SP18 Patch 5. I have noticed that when I Create a Boot Application from CODESYS, and upload this to my PLC via a USB stick the AC_Persistence does not work and none of my values that are in my PersistenceChannel are retained. However, if I connect direct to my PLC and I perform a direct download of my CODESYS program, my values that are in my PersistenceChannel are retained and work as they should. This makes me wonder if there are files that are missing when a Boot Application is created. I have tried taking a backup of my configuration files after performing a direct download, which gives me the plclog.zip folder, and appears to have the ac_persistence folder present within the file structure, however when I replace the plclogic.zip with the same folder that was created when I created a Boot Application, it still does not work but I wonder whether this is because the ac_persistence folder isn't stored in the correct location for reading. The .app and .crc files are embedded within the plclogic.zip folder, which obviously when uploading need to be standalone files in the root directory of the USB, so the intention there is clearly to extract the .app and .crc files and put them into the correct location within the USB. I wonder if it could be the same for the ac_persistence folder? I have tried moving it to different locations but none have worked. Has anybody else discovered a fix for this? I know the short-term solution is to do a direct download to the PLC but there are some logistical reasons why this isn't neccesarily the best solution for us.
Last updated: 2024-02-27

Post by superjojo2002 on Licensing info not available. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I updated the docker container runtime to version 4.11.0.0. and build the container with this "Dockerfile" FROM arm64v8/debian:11.6 RUN apt-get update RUN apt-get install -y wget sudo unzip libusb-1.0-0-dev procps ENV CDS_VERSION "4.11.0.0" ENV EDGE_VERSION "4.11.0.0" ENV URL "https://store-archive.codesys.com/ftp_download/3S/LinuxARM64/2302000039/$CDS_VERSION/CODESYS%20Control%20for%20Linux%20ARM64%20SL%20$CDS_VERSION.package" ENV EDGE_URL "https://store-archive.codesys.com/ftp_download/3S/EdgeGatewayLinux/000120/$EDGE_VERSION/CODESYS%20Edge%20Gateway%20for%20Linux%20$EDGE_VERSION.package" RUN wget --output-document=/tmp/codesys.package $URL && \ unzip -p /tmp/codesys.package '*codemeter*.deb' > /tmp/codemeter.deb && dpkg -i /tmp/codemeter.deb && \ unzip -p /tmp/codesys.package '*codesyscontrol*.deb' > /tmp/codesys.deb && dpkg -i /tmp/codesys.deb RUN wget --output-document=/tmp/edge.package $EDGE_URL && \ unzip -p /tmp/edge.package '*arm64.deb' > /tmp/edge.deb && dpkg -i /tmp/edge.deb EXPOSE 11740 1217 11743 ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/sh", "-c" , "/etc/init.d/codemeter start && /etc/init.d/codemeter-webadmin start && /etc/init.d/codesyscontrol start && /etc/init.d/codesysedge start && tail -f /dev/null"] Now cmu -x" returns root@sensoredge-field-netfield-produktmanagment:/# cmu -x cmu - CodeMeter Universal Support Tool. Version 8.00 of 2023-Nov-28 (Build 5967) for Linux/ARMHF 64-Bit Copyright (C) 2007-2023 by WIBU-SYSTEMS AG. All rights reserved. But still CODESYS development system reports that it needs a dongle and when I click install that "value cannot be null. Parameter name: containerToLicenses" It seems that Codemeter is forced to look for a dongle instead of a CMsoftcontainer. Can you confirm that CODESYS licensing works also when CODESYS is installed in a Docker container?
Last updated: 2024-03-21

Post by manuknecht on Maximum dynamic limits of MC_MoveLinearAbsolute and MC_MoveLinearRelative ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello all I use an axis group with two linear axes in a kinematic system. Using MC_MoveLinearAbsolute and MC_MoveLinearRelative, I am trying to realise dynamic movements (set velocity: 1 m/s, set acceleration: 30 m/s^2) with the highest possible jerk, as I want to compare this with a movement with a trapezoidal velocity profile. However, my measurements show that the axes accelerate with a maximum jerk of approx. 800 m/s^3, even if the value in the function block was set to 10,000 m/s^3. I have already increased the dynamic limits of the two axes accordingly (Velocity: 5000 u/s, Acc-/Deceleration: 250'000 u/s^2, Jerk: 100'000'000 u/s^3, where 1 u = 1 mm), but this had no effect. I have checked the input parameters of the function blocks and the VelFactor, AccFactor and JerkFactor factors are all set to the maximum (value 1). Reducing the cycle time has resulted in a higher jerk, but as we are already working with a cycle time of 1 ms, there is nothing more that can be done here. The axes themselves are still a long way from drawing the maximum current, which is why I assume that this should not be a problem either. Are there other factors or parameters that influence the dynamic limits and therefore allow faster movements? The PLC I am using is a Raspberry Pi 4 and Codesys V3.5 SP20 with all libraries up to date. Thanks in advance Manuel
Last updated: 2024-05-08

Post by e13740e on Parameterized Property syntax for array element processing ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Since parameterized (indexed) properties are not possible, I decided to use architectural approach "Indexing Property Adapter" to achieve the intended goal — avoiding code duplication for validated access to array elements. Essence: Create a Function Block Adapter (FB_PropertyAdapter) that encapsulates the logic for working with a single element of the target array (e.g., with one settings structure). Declare Properties inside the adapter block for accessing each individual field of the data structure. All validation logic is implemented within the Set accessors of these properties. Data Binding via VAR_IN_OUT: The adapter block receives a reference to a specific data element from the global array through its VAR_IN_OUT section, which ensures direct work with the original data without copying. Create an Array of Adapters: In the parent POU (e.g., FB_SettingsManager), an array of these adapter blocks is created — one for each element of the global array that needs to be managed. Initialize Bindings: In a FOR loop, each adapter instance from the array is given a reference to the corresponding data element. Result: This approach allows accessing the data via the index of the adapter array, and then through the property name, which simulates the behavior of an indexed property: MyAdapterArray[Index].MyProperty Thus, the validation and data access logic is written only once inside the adapter block and is then reused multiple times by creating instances of it in an array. This completely solves the problem of code duplication while providing a clean, scalable, and object-oriented architecture compatible with standard CODESYS features. Question closed.
Last updated: 2025-10-19

Post by brouwyka on JSONByteArrayWriter string result incorrect order ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Additional note: When doing all additions to a JSON array one after another without additions outside the array inbetween (and no more additions to the array after an item outside the array has been added) - which is not a viable solution for us as we might add items to any of the arrays at any time, but we tested regardless to be thorough - we get the following result: { "id": "machine_1", "readings": [ { "temp_mid": 153.8 }, { "temp_mid": 98.3 } ], "status": "RUNNING" } This mostly matches our expected outcome, aside from the JSONByteArrayWriter not adding indenting before closing square brackets ("]") at all. That doesn't matter for JSON of course, as it's not sensitive to indenting, but it's still a bug regardless. Also, it adds an unnecessary newline between items in the array (at least when having an array of objects, we haven't tested with arrays of primitives). I also want to reiterate that this is not a viable workaround for the issue for us - we have to be able to add to any array at any time, which should be possible according to the docs, and we are 100% sure indexes are correctly being managed and built up by the JSONBuilder and our wrapper (to track the index of each array & the latest item added to each exactly to make use of the documented possibility to add anything anywhere in the JSON at any time as long as you keep track of the returned indexes) around it.
Last updated: 2026-06-10

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