Post by markushunter on Different behavior between the "Start" button in the IDE and the Cmp function "AppStartApplication()" ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
In our application with CODESYS V3.5 SP19 Patch 5 and the Soft-PLC Name: CODESYS Control Win V3 x64 Typ: 4096 ID: 0000 0004 Version: 3.5.19.50 the application behaves differently when we start the application via CmpApp.AppStartApplication(pApp) than when we press the "Start" button in online mode in the IDE. Unfortunately, it looks like the AppStartApplication() function, which is called in the "StopDone" system event, is not able to restart the fieldbus driver correctly, in our case the EtherNet_IP_Scanner: Name: EtherNet/IP Scanner Hersteller: 3S - Smart Software Solutions GmbH Kategorien: EtherNet/IP Scanner Typ: 100 ID: 0000 100B Version: 4.5.1.0 Bestellnummer: 1 And one EtherNet/IP adapter Name: FANUC Robot R30iB Plus Hersteller: FANUC Robotics America Kategorien: EtherNet/IP Remote Adapter Typ: 101 ID: 356_12_4_3 Version: Major Revision=16#3, Minor Revision = 16#1 Beschreibung: EtherNet/IP Target imported from EDS File: fanucrobot0301_r30ibp.eds Device: FANUC Robot R30iB Plus Version Konfiguration 3.5.6.0 The application was cold reset in both cases via CmpApp.AppReset(pApp := pApp, usResetOption := CmpApp.RTS_RESET_COLD. Does anyone know the difference between the functions or services executed by the "START" button in online mode and Cmp.AppStartApplication()? Thanks and best regards, markushunter
Last updated: 2024-03-20

Post by markushunter on Different behavior between the "Start" button in the IDE and the Cmp function "AppStartApplication()" ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
In our application with CODESYS V3.5 SP19 Patch 5 and the Soft-PLC Name: CODESYS Control Win V3 x64 Typ: 4096 ID: 0000 0004 Version: 3.5.19.50 the application behaves differently when we start the application via Cmp.AppStartApplication(pApp) than when we press the "Start" button in online mode in the IDE. Unfortunately, it looks like the AppStartApplication() function, which is called in the "StopDone" system event, is not able to restart the fieldbus driver correctly, in our case the EtherNet_IP_Scanner: Name: EtherNet/IP Scanner Hersteller: 3S - Smart Software Solutions GmbH Kategorien: EtherNet/IP Scanner Typ: 100 ID: 0000 100B Version: 4.5.1.0 Bestellnummer: 1 And one EtherNet/IP adapter Name: FANUC Robot R30iB Plus Hersteller: FANUC Robotics America Kategorien: EtherNet/IP Remote Adapter Typ: 101 ID: 356_12_4_3 Version: Major Revision=16#3, Minor Revision = 16#1 Beschreibung: EtherNet/IP Target imported from EDS File: fanucrobot0301_r30ibp.eds Device: FANUC Robot R30iB Plus Version Konfiguration 3.5.6.0 The application was cold reset in both cases via CmpApp.AppReset(pApp := pApp, usResetOption := CmpApp.RTS_RESET_COLD. Does anyone know the difference between the functions or services executed by the "START" button in online mode and Cmp.AppStartApplication()? Thanks and best regards, markushunter
Last updated: 2024-03-20

Post by monteta on Automation without UI ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Problem solved, Once the perform_network_scan() is done, y just had to recover the address and using set_gateway_and_address(). Now i'm looking how to deploy all my device's applications on the PLC, I guess it will looks like : for app in allapplication: with online.create_online_application(app) as onlineapp onlinedevice = onlineapp.get_online_device() online.set_default_credentials(x,y) try: onlineapp.login(OnlineChangeOption.Keep, False) except Exception as e: msg = str(e).lower() if "rescan" in msg : print("PLC service might be off") elif "targetdo" in msg: print("Bad credentials") else print(msg) else: onlineapp.create_boot_application()
Last updated: 2025-09-29

Post by brouwyka on JSONByteArrayWriter problem? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey there! I am currently running into the exact same issue. The JsonData object has all inexes & parent indexes in the way I expect, everything is correctly "linked". It purely seems that the writer is incorrectly parsing said JsonData, not based on parent & child index, but on something else that breaks it and puts things at the root, instead of the specified parent index. Did you ever manage to find a solution, or another way of achieving your JSON composing? I'm currently working on Codesys V3.5 SP19 Patch 7 with IIOT Libraries SL 1.13.0.0, specifically JSON Utilities SL 1.13.0.0 (to send requests to APIs with JSON bodies using Web Client SL 1.13.0.0).
Last updated: 2026-06-08

Post by brouwyka on JSON Utilities - JSON file written with invalid structure ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey there! I am currently running into the exact same issue (and have also posted to a similar post here: https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Engineering/thread/c45929e2f1/#e27f). The JsonData object has all inexes & parent indexes in the way I expect, everything is correctly "linked". It purely seems that the writer is incorrectly parsing said JsonData, not based on parent & child index, but on something else that breaks it and puts things at the root, instead of the specified parent index. Did you ever manage to find a solution, or another way of achieving your JSON composing? I'm currently working on Codesys V3.5 SP19 Patch 7 with IIOT Libraries SL 1.13.0.0, specifically JSON Utilities SL 1.13.0.0 (to send requests to APIs with JSON bodies using Web Client SL 1.13.0.0).
Last updated: 2026-06-08

Post by giackanto on Eoe issues with Windows and Linux ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I've been trying to use EoE for communication between a Windows PC and an M753 drive from Control Technique. Despite following some online guides (https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/libs/EtherCATStack/4.3.0.0/Ethernet_over_EtherCAT/fld-Ethernet_over_EtherCAT.html) I haven’t had any success. Both are connected to a Debian device where RTE is running: The PC is connected via the Ethernet port. The drive is connected via the EtherCAT port. I'm unable to ping the drive from my Windows PC. Here is my configuration: On Debian: (See attachments 1, 2, 3) enp1s0 = Ethernet port enp2s0 = EtherCAT port tap2 = TAP device IP forwarding and routes are both configured. On Windows: (See attachments 4, 5) On Codesys: (See attachments 6, 7) Version: Windows 11 Debian GNU/Linux 11 Codesys 3.5.17 Control for Linux SL 4.7.0 EtherCAT 4.4.0 With this configuration, I can ping the TAP device, but not the drive (See attachment 8). Could someone explain how to properly configure all these settings? Thank you, GA
Last updated: 2023-12-19

Post by nixola on CmpCharDevice blocks gpiochip access on Raspberry Pi 5 since update from SP18 to SP21 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I added the following lines to /etc/codesyscontrol/CODESYSControl_User.cfg: [CmpCharDevice] PermittedPath.0=/dev/i2c* PermittedPath.1=/dev/spidev* PermittedPath.2=/sys/class/gpio/* PermittedPath.3=/dev/gpiochip* However, I'm still unable to read or control GPIO pins from any CODESYS application. Specifically, setting the pin direction (and, thus, the IoDrvGpioSysfs driver configuration) fails, with a rather non-descript error in the logs: Description Component Setting direction failed for GPIO pin 586 IEC Update configuration failed from driver IoDrvGPIOSysfs CmpIoMgr I'm running CODESYS Control for Linux ARM64 SL version 4.21.0.0; it's running in rootless mode, as the codesyscontrol user, but said user is in the gpio group and can otherwise normally interact with GPIO, both via gpioset/gpioget and via the sysfs driver in /sys/class/gpio/. The system is a custom 64-bit Raspberry OS based distro, running on a Raspberry Pi CM5 on kernel 6.18.34 with PREEMPT_RT scheduling.
Last updated: 2026-07-21

Post by mrkm-dic on CODESYS: Combining Master Redundancy with EtherCAT Ring Topology – Is it Supported? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I would like to ask whether it is technically supported (and practically achievable) to combine CODESYS Master Redundancy with EtherCAT ring (loop) redundancy in the same system. System setup CODESYS version: CODESYS 3.5.21.40 CODESYS Control SL for Weidmuller u-OS-4.12.2.0 Controllers (Masters): Weidmuller UC20-M4000 ×2, configured as Active / Standby using CODESYS redundancy EtherCAT Slaves: Weidmuller UR20-FBC-EC ×3, supporting EtherCAT ring / line break detection Topology: EtherCAT ring (loop) Main question Is it officially supported to use: ・CODESYS PLC/Master redundancy (Active/Standby) and ・EtherCAT ring topology (for cable redundancy) at the same time? Expected behavior Our expectation is: ・When the Active PLC fails, the Standby PLC becomes Active ・The Standby PLC then takes over the role of EtherCAT Master ・EtherCAT communication is re-established ・I/O control continues after reinitialization (a short interruption is acceptable; no strict bumpless requirement) We do not expect completely seamless / zero-cycle switchover, but we want to understand: ・Whether this combination is supported by design ・Or whether there are known limitations or restrictions when EtherCAT ring mode is used together with Master redundancy Clarification At this stage, the question is mainly about feasibility and support, not about a specific error message yet. Any official guidance, limitations, or real-world experience would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance.
Last updated: 2026-02-05

Post by gorditron on I2C Communication with ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I have problems with the I2C communication to an ADS7828 AD converter. I don't get any value back from the chip. I use a Kontron chip (ARM 32SC) with Linux as the operating system. I also use the CmpCharDevice library. ADS7828 parameters Address: A1 = 0 / A0 = 0 = SD = 1 = Single End C2 = 0 / C1= 0 / C0= 0 / Channel 0 PD1 = Internal Reference and PD0 = AD Converter ON Here is my code: VAR b_i2cAdr : BYTE := 16#48; (* Standard I2C-Adresse des ADS7828 *) x_Init: BOOL;(* Flag für die Initialisierung *) b_config_byte: BYTE;(* Konfigurationsbyte für den ADS7828 *) ab_cmd_buffer : ARRAY [0..0] OF BYTE; (* Buffer für den Befehl *) ab_data_buffer : ARRAY [0..1] OF BYTE; (* Buffer für die empfangenen Daten *) ui_adc_value_1 : UINT; (* Ausgelesener ADC-Wert *) I2C_Handle: RTS_IEC_HANDLE; (* Handle für das I2C-Device *) di_result_open: DINT;(* Ergebnis der Funktionsaufrufe *) di_result_adr: DINT;(* Ergebnis der Funktionsaufrufe *) di_result_wr_cmd: DINT;(* Ergebnis der Funktionsaufrufe *) di_result_rd_cmd: DINT;(* Ergebnis der Funktionsaufrufe *) di_result_close: DINT;(* Ergebnis der Funktionsaufrufe *) END_VAR //*** Init from the I2C communication port *** IF NOT x_Init THEN I2C_Handle := CDOpen(szFile:= '/dev/i2c-0', dFlags:= O_RDWR, pResult:= ADR(di_result_open)); //* I2C opening * //*** set of the I2C address *** CDIoctl(hFile:=I2C_Handle , dRequest:=1795 , dParameter:=b_i2cAdr , pResult:=ADR(di_result_adr) ); x_Init := TRUE; END_IF (* Hauptlogik *) IF I2C_Handle <> 0 THEN (* Konfigurationsbyte setzen: Single-Ended Kanal 0, interne Referenz *) b_config_byte := 16#8C; (* 10001100b: AIN0, interne Referenz, Single-Ended *) ab_cmd_buffer[0] := b_config_byte; (* Schreiboperation zum Konfigurieren des Chips *) CDWrite(hFile:= I2C_Handle, pbyBuffer:= ADR(ab_cmd_buffer), udCount:= SIZEOF(ab_cmd_buffer), pResult:= ADR(di_result_wr_cmd)); IF di_result_wr_cmd = 0 THEN (* Leseoperation, um den ADC-Wert zu erhalten *) CDRead(hFile:= I2C_Handle, pbyBuffer:= ADR(ab_data_buffer), udCount:= SIZEOF(ab_data_buffer), pResult:= ADR(di_result_rd_cmd)); IF di_result_rd_cmd = 0 THEN (* ADC-Wert aus den Daten extrahieren *) ui_adc_value_1 := SHL(TO_UINT(ab_data_buffer[0]), 8) OR TO_UINT(ab_data_buffer[1]); ELSE (* Fehler beim Lesen der Daten *) ui_adc_value_1 := 0; (* ADC-Wert auf 0 setzen *) END_IF ELSE (* Fehler beim Schreiben der Konfiguration *) ui_adc_value_1 := 0; END_IF END_IF
Last updated: 2024-12-13

Post by mubeta on Strange problem with the ‘MC_SetPosition’ function ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
No errors in any condition. The function terminate correctly with the 'done' bit. Now I leave the machine and I don't know when I will be there again. The assumption you made I had considered. The operational limits of the axis are all fit for purpose, and this function should operate virtually without even noticing the motion limits. In fact in practice with the axis at low speed the function corrects any numerical value of the position in the range 0 ... 360° without any problem whatsoever in a single PLC scan cycle.
Last updated: 2025-01-10

Post by jeroenaero on Autostart Targetvisualization 4.16.0.0 doesn't work on Linux device ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, How can we configure autostart of TargetVisualization on the remote device? The device is a Raspberry PI CM4 with PIXEL Desktop on display. I installed Targetvisu for Linux SL 4.16.0.0 on it. After each restart of the Raspberry PI CM4, we have to start Targetvisu fot Linux SL manually. i tried the step on this page: https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Control/_rtsl_target_visu_for_linux.html but i don't get it working
Last updated: 2025-07-24

Post by ofey on two different OPC clients with different privileges ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi! I have usually only connected one OPC client (our system) to an OPC server created in the codesys environment on a PLC. This OPC client has a lot of write privileges. A customer also want OPC access, but I want to restrict his access to only read certain values. Do you know if this is possible inside the single codesys runtime running on a controller?
Last updated: 2024-02-01

Post by thomas-moba on "sudo"-Befehle über die Funktion "SysProcessExecuteCommand2" ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I need to execute "sudo" commands via CoDeSys 3.5 SP 19 P5 using the "SysProcessExecuteCommand2" function. Commands without sudo are no problem, but as soon as sudo is used in a .sh or a single command, it does not work. Command=AllowAll is entered under "SysProcess" in CODESYSControl.cfg. Nevertheless it does not work. Does anyone know what the problem could be? Greetings, Thomas
Last updated: 2024-02-01

Post by bschraud on Zielsystem stimmt nicht mit dem verbundenen Gerät überein ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Der Eintrag in /etc/CODESYSControl.Usr.cfg war schon vorhanden. Bisher habe ich das Gerät Pi MC SL verwendet. Laut H. Zenker ist das die "Produktionsversion“ der Raspberry-Laufzeitumgebung. Gibt es kein MC SL Runtime Package mehr? Ist dieses in der Standardinstallation nicht mehr vorhanden und muss manuell installiert werden? Beim Wechsel auf Pi 64 kann ich nicht mehr kompilieren wegen folgender Fehlermeldung: "cmperrors interfaces, 3.5.5.0 (system): C0338: Die Bibliothek 'cmperrors interfaces, 3.5.5.0 (system)' wird nur in 32-Bit-Applikationen unterstützt" Vielen Dank für die Hilfe
Last updated: 2024-03-11

Post by fless on FB having single input but initialized with Array ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Why will it retain the sum value from the last call? This is how PLC work. Usually variables only get initialized after a download or a reset (i.e. power loss). RETAIN variables are saved in a special kind of RAM and keep their value after a power loss. To initialize variables on every call of your FB use the VAR TEMP block. VAR_TEMP sum : INT; END_VAR
Last updated: 2024-05-07

Post by culius on Official MQTT-Client: MAX_RECEIVE_BUFFER_SIZE_EXCEEDED ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Thank you very much for your reply. That helped, it is editable if the library is at root level. Unfortunately, I noticed that I am not using the MQTT client SL, but the AzureMQTTClient from the Azure IoT Hub Client SL library. At first glance, there is no parameter to increase the message size. Does anyone know how to increase this in the library or is it simply not possible here?
Last updated: 2024-06-08

Post by rene-h on VU.FbOpenDialog - TargetVisu - 2 x WebVisu ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, i am trying to find a way how to open Dialogs on a Single Visu. The options from VU.Globals are Target and WebVisu, but Webvisu opens the Dialog on both WebVisus and it should be separated. CurrentVisu can only be used when the Dialog is called from the Visu, but its all done in the Code. One Webvisu is for the User and one is for diagnostic reasons, and they should not be interfered from each other. Maybe someone can help me with this. Thanks
Last updated: 2024-06-13

Post by kmax365 on ModbusTCP_FunctionCode06 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey Guys, I am trying to create a ModbusTCP_FunctionCode06 which i will use as a single write register for programming a test code for Power Meter(PQM_1000) I have tried to reserach how to add it it from the libraray manager and have largely been unsuccessful. Does anyone know where I should Look? And by the way, I am i wam using Codesys V3.5 Vs 21 Patch 4 I look forward to something positive. Best, Kmax365.
Last updated: 2026-05-14

Post by kmax365 on ModbusTCP_FunctionCode06 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey Guys, I am trying to create a ModbusTCP_FunctionCode06 which i will use as a single write register for programming a test code for Power Meter(PQM_1000) I have tried to reserach how to add it it from the libraray manager and have largely been unsuccessful. Does anyone know where I should Look? And by the way, I am i wam using Codesys V3.5 Vs 21 Patch 4 I look forward to something positive. Best, Kmax365.
Last updated: 2026-05-14

Post by reinier-geers on draw 1000 nails the easy way ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Because codesys dont has a draw command like Circle in Qbasic ( 20 years ago ) i want to draw 1000 nails, and then move them in the screen when they needed. I dont know if codesys can handle this. But is ther an easy way to draw 1000 nails with every single one has a pointer for movement, color and invisable. Of is there a linux command to draw a circle so i can do it with a process command
Last updated: 2026-05-06

Post by lofty on CODESYS Download Issue ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am attempting to install CODESYS 3.5.22.20 and the installer gets stuck at "Install Package CODESYS Compatibility Package 3.5.17.20" every single time. I've tried reinstalling the software multiple times and the same issue persists. I've tried running the installer as an administrator and even turned off my virus protection and the same issue persists. I've attached a photo for reference. Has anyone run into this issue before or have any idea what I can do to complete the install?
Last updated: 2026-05-26

Post by timvh on CANbus issue ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
On a PC with the Control Win, this is probably related to the fact that the CAN drivers are not loaded. Go to the folder where your Control Win Configuration file is: - E.g. C:\ProgramData\CODESYS\CODESYSControlWinV3x64\E1FA7ABE - Open the CODESYSControl.cfg - Remove the semi-colon in front of the CAN driver you want to use (section ComponentManager). - Set the component ID to the next number in the list (e.g. Component.8) - Save this file and restart the Control Win.
Last updated: 2023-09-14

Post by winki on ModbusFB ClientRequest: never recovers after a single ReplyTimeout (requires full download) ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Library: ModbusFB (CODESYS Modbus package) IDE / Runtime: CODESYS V3.5 SP___ / Control runtime ___ Target: ___ (e.g. gateway, Linux ARM64 / Debian) Slave: Modbus TCP inverter Summary I poll a Modbus TCP slave with a permanent connection: one ClientTCP (kept connected, xConnect:=TRUE) and one ClientRequestReadHoldingRegisters, triggered cyclically. Everything works fine after a fresh application download. But as soon as one single ReplyTimeout occurs (slave temporarily not answering), the request never recovers. It stays stuck and no further messages are sent, even though the TCP connection is still reported as alive. Only a full application download brings it back — an online change or a runtime reset is not enough / not what I want in production. State observed when stuck So the connection is alive, the request finished in ReplyTimeout, the FB is back to _state = None, but udiNumMsgSent no longer increases — as if a new rising edge on xExecute is no longer accepted / no longer produces a new message. My trigger logic (simplified) Each PLC cycle, in this order: If the request is fully at rest (NOT xExecute AND NOT xBusy AND NOT xDone AND NOT xError) and a read is pending, I set xExecute := TRUE. I call clientTcp() then clientRequest(rClient := clientTcp) once each, per cycle. On xDone or xError, I set xExecute := FALSE. I made sure to insert at least one full cycle with xExecute = FALSE (seen by the FB call) before re-triggering, so the falling edge is processed. Questions After a ReplyTimeout (xError = TRUE), what is the exact, correct sequence to re-trigger the same ClientRequest so a new message is actually sent again? Is a full cycle with xExecute = FALSE between two executions mandatory? Is there a known condition where, after ReplyTimeout, the ClientTCP keeps xConnected = TRUE but silently stops sending new requests (e.g. an internal request queue / _udiRequestId that gets out of sync)? udiNumMsgSent freezing at 23 while the FB shows _state = None is what puzzles me. Is the recommended pattern to drop the connection (ClientTCP.xConnect := FALSE for one cycle, then TRUE) on a request error, rather than keeping it alive? The docs state a request error does not close the connection, so I kept it open — but maybe that is the issue here. Could the large uiStartItem (50514) be relevant? It works right after download, so addressing seems correct, but I want to rule it out. Any guidance on the canonical recovery pattern after a request timeout would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
Last updated: 2026-06-19

Post by thysonfury on OPTO22 Groov Epic PR2 Modbus Comms Dropping out every 2 hours and 4 Mins ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi after some assistance with an error on a Groov PR2 PLC. We have a few different communications set up as shown below: One Modbus TCP Slave Connection - ( Sending / Receiving Data from a PC ) Two Modbus TCP Master Connection - ( Reading Data from a UPS Panel and Reading Data Gas Chromatograph) One Modbus RTU Slave Connection 485 - (Reading Data from a fire and gas panel) One Modbus RTU Master Connection 485 - (Sending Data to a Telemetry Unit) All Licenses have been installed as per OPTO22 suggestions of the order below: Modbus TCP Master Modbus TCP Slave Modbus RTU Master Modbus RTU Slave When I check on License manager the RTU Master license seems to disappear on installing the RTU. (What ever reason I’ve been told this is “normal”). If I use Device License Read It will successfully read all the licenses correctly. Now the issue is every 2 hours and between 4. For what ever reason the communications seems to end and lock up for about 20 seconds. During this time even if I was logged into the PLC it would kick me off and I’d have to re type the password to enter. Most of the devices can handle this however the RTU flags up a communications failure at the SCADA and is raising alarms every 2 hours and 4 mins. We’ve had multiple people go through the code to check for anything obvious. Does anyone have any ideas?
Last updated: 2024-04-15

Post by thysonfury on OPTO22 Groov Epic PR2 Modbus Comms Dropping out every 2 hours and 4 Mins ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi after some assistance with an error on a Groov PR2 PLC. We have a few different communications set up as shown below: One Modbus TCP Slave Connection - ( Sending / Receiving Data from a PC ) Two Modbus TCP Master Connection - ( Reading Data from a UPS Panel and Reading Data Gas Chromatograph) One Modbus RTU Slave Connection 485 - (Reading Data from a fire and gas panel) One Modbus RTU Master Connection 485 - (Sending Data to a Telemetry Unit) All Licenses have been installed as per OPTO22 suggestions of the order below: Modbus TCP Master Modbus TCP Slave Modbus RTU Master Modbus RTU Slave When I check on License manager the RTU Master license seems to disappear on installing the RTU. (What ever reason I’ve been told this is “normal”). If I use Device License Read It will successfully read all the licenses correctly. Now the issue is every 2 hours and between 4. For what ever reason the communications seems to end and lock up for about 20 seconds. During this time even if I was logged into the PLC it would kick me off and I’d have to re type the password to enter. Most of the devices can handle this however the RTU flags up a communications failure at the SCADA and is raising alarms every 2 hours and 4 mins. We’ve had multiple people go through the code to check for anything obvious. Does anyone have any ideas?
Last updated: 2024-04-15

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