Post by andrebrandt on FB string and naming ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi Tim. Not quite correct. What i'd like, is when you place the FB in prog, i choose a block NTC10k, and name this RT401. What i'm trying to do, is to get the name RT401 automaticly into the FB, so i can put this into the string i pass in a struct. So in var in POU, i saw this a place i could do this, RT401: NTC10k(Tag:='RT401'), but i can't get this to work. I shurly must have had something like this in FB: FUNCTION_BLOCK NTC10k String TAG But it's here where I'm stuck...
Last updated: 2024-09-30

Post by timvh on FB string and naming ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I see, you want to initialize the FB. To be able to initialise it like you described, you need to add the FB_Init method to your FB. (right click on the FB, select add object --> method). Then press the arrow down, to select the FB_Init (overwrite default implementation). In the VAR_INPUT section of this method, add the variable --> Tag : STRING; Then in the code section of this method add: THIS^.Tag := Tag; // copy initial value to local variable in FB Search Google if you want to know more about FB_Init. PS, reflection + instance path, is also an option if you want to get the full name of the instance (path) of the Function Block. See: https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Development%20System/_cds_pragma_attribute_instance_path.html
Last updated: 2024-09-30

Post by dsa28 on OPC UA subscriber not operational ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello All, Hopefully I can get some help configuring an OPC UA subscriber in a CODESYS runtime in a Raspberry Pi 5 that tries to retrieve data from an OPC UA publisher (in this case running in a TwinCAT system). I tried to follow the steps described in the page to implement the OPC UA subscriber: https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Examples/_ex_opcua_pubsub.html Seems that the example provided was created with version 3.5.16.0. Now with version 3.5.20.20 is not possible to open the complete project neither convert it. Anyway, after configuring all IPs and ports used in the OPC UA connection function block but the connection state always shows DISABLED. Can someone help me to do the proper configuration of the OPC UA subscriber? Many thanks in advance.
Last updated: 2024-10-22

Post by ben1 on Help understanding analog in-/outputs ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi there mate Most PLC's have a very similar concept with AI/AO - have you used any other software before? I have not used a Wago before myself, but I assume the concept would very much be: 1. Add the analog in & out cards to your hardware config. 2. Setup the raw input scaling on the hardware (eg. 4 - 20mA = 4000 - 20000) 3. Use a built in or homemade scaling block to scale your input as needed (eg. 4000 - 20000 = -100 - 2000kPa. 4. Write code as required 5. Scale output as needed (eg. 0 - 100% = 0-10000 = 0 - 10V) Is this the information you require?
Last updated: 2024-12-15

Post by trusty-squire on Read "Homed" status from EtherCAT drive ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, Is there a way to read the homed status from the EtherCAT drive directly? I am currently flagging the homed status on the succesful completion of the MC_Home function block, but I have had false triggers where the drive didn't actually execute the homing procedure but the MC_Home FB is marked as complete without error. I looked at other MC/SMC function blocks but the closest I can find is the "Homing" bit from MC_ReadStatus FB, but this doesn't show if the drive is succesfully homed, only that it's homing. Any guidance is welcome. Thanks!
Last updated: 2025-01-07

Post by george32 on TCP Server ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Dear people, I would like to create a TCP server in my PLC program. The TCP server needs to communicate with an external device. I have been searching the internet and found that the libraries Syssocket or CAA NetBaseSrv are two possible solutions to create a TCP server. From what I have read, CAA NetBaseSrv is more user-friendly to implement than the Syssocket variant. However, I am still struggling to actually implement this library. Foremost is my little knowledge about creating a TCP server and how to read/understand each function block, especially the outputs of some blocks and the types, e.g. server has an output CAA.Handle, but I cannot find the explanation of CAA.Handle. I tried to find a good document that can help me understand how to implement a TCP server, but I could not find it. Thank you in advance, George
Last updated: 2025-02-20

Post by george32 on Learning ST in an object-oriented way. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Dear all, I am currently creating a program in the ST language. Because the program is starting to grow nicely I would like to switch to a more object-oriented way of programming. (Like for example in Python). By surfing the internet I found out that Function Blocks is the best method for this. Now I would like to delve further into this, with all the possibilities that Function Blocks have only I cannot find a clear course, explanation of what everything is around the function block thing and how to approach everything. I find the standard documentation around Function Blocks rather abstract and the examples are minimal. Therefore I am looking for a page/course/document explaining object oriented programming in Codesys (or other PLC programming environment). Do you have any recommendations on this?
Last updated: 2025-06-10

Post by manuknecht on Using SMC_MOVTYP.INITPOS without specifying the start position ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am using the object SMC_GEOINFO to generate a trajectory and move a system accordingly using the SMC_INTERPOLATOR function block similar to the sample project CNC10_DynamicPath.project. According to the documentation, the movement type INITPOS does not require a start position in the SMC_GEOINFO object, which is confirmed in the documentation of the SMC_GEOINFO object. When using the movement type INITPOS however, the motion will still start from the starting point defined in the SMC_GEOINFO object (0,0,0 if not specified otherwise). Does someone know how to resolve this or is there an example project that makes use of the INITPOS movement type without specifying the starting point? Thanks in advance!
Last updated: 2023-12-15

Post by user3000 on Can't find an Extended Pulse Timer (TP and LTP) ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I came up with an FBD that seems to be working, although it may not be a true Retriggerable Pulse timer. There may be some delay associated with the two MOVE functions and ADD function I incorporated. I'd be interested if anyone is able to come up with something cleaner. I am surprised that this is not a built-in function block of the CodeSYS library. This is a common feature of multi-function timer relays. I also attached a page from the cut sheet of a Schneider relay that shows 10 timing functions. Looks like the CodeSYS library has built-in function blocks for only 3 of the 10.
Last updated: 2023-12-21

Post by alexgooi on Function Blocks and arrays of function blocks ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi Jack, I think you have to look at a FB in a different way. A Function block (Class) can contain its own data. In other words don't define loose data in your GVL, but define a instance of a FB (Object) in your GVL: Example: Function_Block Basic_Class VAR_INPUT Open_Command: BOOL; END_VAR VAR_OUTPUT Opened: BOOL; END_VAR if Open_Command then Opened := TRUE; ELSE Opened := FALSE; END_IF Global Variables Objects: ARRAY[1..100] OF Basic_Class; //Here you ar defining you objects END_VAR In your code you can directly acces the data and couple it to the IO: GVL.Objects[1].Open_Command := %IX0.0; %QX0.0 := GVL.Objects[1].Opened; //To call the code itself use: GVL.Objects[1](); If you want to take this a step further you are also able to add methods and properties to the FB/Class end thereby creating a OOIP program
Last updated: 2024-02-15

Post by amy123 on codesys mqtt publish serialization ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I am using the CODESYS IIoT Libraries SL MQTT Publish. Does this publish block only support publishing STRINGS as a readable format? I can publish ENUM, STRUCT, BOOL; however, MQTT Explorer will only display strings. When I use Wireshark, I can see that it is publishing something, but it looks to be publishing a serialized version which is a bunch of 0s or random text. If so, is there any way to deserialize this information back into a readable format? See pictures, where I have a BOOL TRUE that gets published as 001. Then see where I publish a STRUCT and it's an incomprehensible combination of 0s - only the string variable is displayed. Or, is it expected that you convert everything to a string before publishing? Any help is greatly appreciated! :)
Last updated: 2024-02-16

Post by esave on Stepper Drive with Ethercat ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello everybody I am new into Codesys. I have a stepper driver (EM3E-556E) from Leadshine. I want to controll the stepper driver via EtherCat to a ST programm but I dont have any function block or anything that i can use. I only have the XML-File wich I loaded. With it I implemented the drive as a Ethercat slave and now I see these variables. (See picture) I dont know how to controll the stepper drive. And the manufacturer doesnt provide support for me. Can anybody help me or atleast tell me how they would do it?
Last updated: 2024-03-14

Post by esave on OPC UA Server with on Codesys + OPC UA Client on Labview ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello everyone I want a communication between my PLC as an OPC UA Server and Labview on my PC as the OPC UA Client. I have an Festo CPX-E-CEC-C1-PN PLC and I have the OPC UA Toolkit from Labview. I created some Variables for testing (see picture 1) on Codesys. I tried to use this Labview block diagram (see picture 2) but I cant connect the PLC to it. What do I have to type in the Server Endpoint URL and what in the Node ID? Is this a good way for communication with a PLC to a PC? If not is there another way?
Last updated: 2024-04-12

Post by m83coding on Raspberry Pi Codesys SPI Master ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I am trying to control shift registers 74HC596 and 74HC165 via Raspberry PI with SPI interface. So far I did it with a Microcontroller and now I wanna upgrade my Projekt with Raspberry Pi and Codesys Software to be more flexible. I tried to adapt PiFace Function Block to just send or recive a 8 bit via SPI interface of the my Raspberry Pi. With following code (see attached screenshots) * PLC_PRG * PiFaceDigital * PiFaceDigital.write8 * PiFaceDigital.read8 I have a signal at SCK and MOSI pin of the PI, so far so good. But I really struggle with the unterstanding of the code. Is there some detailed description of each line of code? Or is there somebody in the community who can explain each line of code? Or is there a more simple way to send / recive 8 bit via SPI? Manuel
Last updated: 2024-04-23

Post by tayhim on WAGO HMI Device not found ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I'm trying to connect with a Wago TP600 HMI but without success. I'm using codysis 3.5 SP19 patch 7 (SP20 block all the time) and the official wago package is installed. However, when I scan and select my device, I get a message saying that the device doesn't match the project's device object with the possibility to update the device (as shown in the attached picture). however, after choosing to update i got a message that the device is not found. I've tried with a new empty project but the same results. do you have any ideas? Thanks.
Last updated: 2024-06-25

Post by jbcregen on Accessing parameters from a structure or function block with the web interface ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I have a project with hundreds of OPC-UA variables available on the network. A lot of these variables are used actively in various scripts that run in background in the OS (Linux). I'm experimenting with Automation Server and I have a hard time understanding how the web interface populates its parameters list for a given PLC (<plc details="" parameters="" for="" plc="" 'xyz'="">).</plc> In this page, it looks like the only variables available are the ones that are of a "base" type : bool, TIME, String, INT, etc. All the variables that are nested into function blocks or structures are not available in the web interface, even if they are available to any OPC-UA client. Is this a limitation of the Automation Server or is there something that can be done in Codesys?
Last updated: 2025-12-01

Post by egr99 on Modbus TCP Server connection is ESTABLISHED but all holding registers are value 0? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
You're absolutely right. Sorry for that. In the meantime I wrote a Function block to handle the reads and writes to the different attached RTU-devices. It processes the parameter like (str_Modbus:=(usiSlave:=1, uiFC:=5, uiLEN:=1, uiOFFSET:=0, uiInterval:=500)) and the corresponding output, waits for the response and processes next request in a 5-state procedure. It's working for 2 gateways (stable without errors, although error recovery is included). But nevertheless it should be possible with the Channel definitions of Codesys. Much easier to maintain :)
Last updated: 2026-04-08

Post by rik123456 on Alarmmanagement – Dynamic Alarm List ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I had a question about alarm management in the CODESYS visualization. I am currently investigating to what extent the alarm visualization can be built dynamically. In my program, I have developed a motor block that is used for multiple motors. When the emergency stop of one or more motors is activated, the corresponding motors are displayed in the alarm list (see image). This works quite well. I achieved this by linking variables to a latch, after which a piece of code displays the motors that are in emergency stop. My question is: do I need to create a separate latch for each motor or can I use a single latch to display multiple alarms of a motor underneath each other? This would then look like this: Time…: M1 Emergency Stop Active Time…: M4 Emergency Stop Active
Last updated: 2026-04-20

Post by alexgooi on Network variable stops sending ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi Reinier, What usually works for me is settings it up in the following way: In the sender block make sure that the list identifier is unique for the whole installation (this is only relevant when you have multiple senders in 1 network). When you are linking the NVL to a file make sure that the path to this file doesn't change. In my experience the NVL stops working when you change the working directory and afterwards open the NVL in de Codesys IDE. If this doesn’t apply to you application, you could also try to change the port number, maybe there is an other process making use of port 1202. Kind regards Alex
Last updated: 2026-04-22

Post by steven-schalm on Frustration-Fueled Feedback on Project File Management and Git Integration ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Yes, it's very tedious, especially since Codesys 4 is a custom web development... At Rex Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, we've invested a lot of time in the Python interface to enable something like CI/CD, but also to export the code and re-import it after making clean modifications. Also, the fact that a class/function block is just a single file containing all the methods, props, etc. Yes, and right now I’m building my own VS Code extension with a clean LSP (Language Server Protocol) for ST, as well as an st-validator, st-formatter, st-linter, codesysPackage.json, and codesys_modules folder... Best regards, Steven Schalm / Sharok6130
Last updated: 2026-06-11

Post by fefefede on Get the numer of day ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello i tro to create a program to turn on or off the air condition in relationship temperature and numer of day. I can't get the number of day. I try this after installing SysTime library but this not work and have this error on debug ------ Build started: Application: Device.Sim.Device.Application ------- Typify code... Generate code... [ERROR] giorno_accensione_aria: PLC_PRG Device: PLC Logic: Application: C0032: Cannot convert type 'Unknown type: 'SysTimeCore(TRUE)'' to type 'TIME' [ERROR] giorno_accensione_aria: PLC_PRG Device: PLC Logic: Application: C0035: Program name, function or function block instance expected instead of 'SysTimeCore' [ERROR] giorno_accensione_aria: PLC_PRG Device: PLC Logic: Application: C0032: Cannot convert type 'Unknown type: 'DayOfWeek(CurrentTime)'' to type 'INT' [ERROR] giorno_accensione_aria: PLC_PRG Device: PLC Logic: Application: C0035: Program name, function or function block instance expected instead of 'DayOfWeek' [INFORMATION] giorno_accensione_aria: PLC_PRG Device: PLC Logic: Application: C0181: Related position Build complete -- 4 errors, 0 warnings : No download possible PROGRAM PLC_PRG VAR Temperatura: UDINT; AriaCondizionata: BOOL := FALSE; CurrentDayOfWeek: INT; //Variabile Giorno CurrentTime: TIME; GiornoDellaSettimana: INT; DayOfWeek: INT; END_VAR CurrentTime := SysTimeCore(TRUE); // Ottieni l'ora corrente CurrentDayOfWeek := DayOfWeek(CurrentTime); CASE GiornoDellaSettimana OF 1: // Azioni per Lunedì 2: // Martedì se più 10° accend altrimenti spegni IF Temperatura >= 10 THEN AriaCondizionata := TRUE; ELSE AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_IF 3: // Mercoledì se più di 50° accendi altrimenti spegni IF Temperatura >=50 THEN AriaCondizionata := TRUE; ELSE AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_IF 4: // Giovedì se più di 40° accendi altrimenti spegni IF Temperatura >=40 THEN AriaCondizionata := TRUE; ELSE AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_IF 5: // Venerdì se più di 50° accendi altrimenti spegni IF Temperatura >=50 THEN AriaCondizionata := TRUE; ELSE AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_IF 6: // Sabato se più di 25° accendi altrimenti spegni IF Temperatura >=25 THEN AriaCondizionata := TRUE; ELSE AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_IF 7: // Domenica sempre spenta AriaCondizionata := FALSE; END_CASE
Last updated: 2023-09-14

Post by timvh on Get Alarm status in Codesys ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
You are right, that you can use the GetState method, but it is not that simple. You first have to get a list of (filtered) alarms from the AlarmManager. You can find an example in Forge how to do this. See https://forge.codesys.com/prj/codesys-example/alarm-manager/home/Home/ Then you can go through this list to get the state of all the (filtered) alarms. See below the code which you could use. This is all based on the example from forge. Create a program: // This example shows how to access alarms via structured text. PROGRAM PLC_PRG VAR xInit : BOOL := TRUE; udiResult : UDINT; fbAlarmFilterCriteriaAll : FB_AlarmFilterCriteriaAll; fbAlarmManagerClient : FB_AlarmManagerClient; itfAlarmManagerClient : IAlarmManagerClient := fbAlarmManagerClient; xAlarm1 : BOOL; xAlarm2 : BOOL; xWarning : BOOL; iNrOfAlarmsInAlarmList : INT; iNrOfActiveAlarmsInAlarmList : INT; paitfAlarm: POINTER TO ARRAY [0..0] OF AlarmManager.IAlarm; iAlarmIndex : INT; eAlarmState: AlarmManager.AlarmState; END_VAR IF xInit THEN xInit := FALSE; fbAlarmManagerClient.itfAlarmFilterCriteria := fbAlarmFilterCriteriaAll; // register alarm client to get updated about alarm status / changes udiResult := AlarmManager.g_AlarmHandler.RegisterClient(itfAlarmManagerClient, 0, 0); END_IF // Polling the number of alarms udiResult := AlarmManager.g_AlarmHandler.GetActiveAlarms(itfAlarmManagerClient, parritfActiveAlarms => paitfAlarm, iCountActiveAlarms => iNrOfAlarmsInAlarmList); iAlarmIndex := 0; iNrOfActiveAlarmsInAlarmList := 0; WHILE iAlarmIndex < iNrOfAlarmsInAlarmList DO eAlarmState := paitfAlarm^[iAlarmIndex].GetState(); IF eAlarmState = AlarmManager.AlarmState.Active OR eAlarmState = AlarmManager.AlarmState.ActiveAcknowledged THEN iNrOfActiveAlarmsInAlarmList := iNrOfActiveAlarmsInAlarmList + 1; END_IF iAlarmIndex := iAlarmIndex + 1; END_WHILE See below some details about the function blocks: One function block should implement the IAlarmFilterCriteria interface. This can be empty except a few methods. FUNCTION_BLOCK FB_AlarmFilterCriteriaAll IMPLEMENTS AlarmManager.IAlarmFilterCriteria Method implementation (others related to interface are empty) METHOD AreAllAlarmClassesSelected : BOOL AreAllAlarmClassesSelected := TRUE; METHOD AreAllAlarmGroupsSelected : BOOL AreAllAlarmGroupsSelected := TRUE; METHOD GetPriorityFrom : USINT GetPriorityFrom := 0; METHOD GetPriorityTo : USINT GetPriorityTo := 255; The other function block should implement IAlarmManagerClient and get a reference to the FB which implements the IAlarmFilterCriteria FUNCTION_BLOCK FB_AlarmManagerClient IMPLEMENTS AlarmManager.IAlarmManagerClient VAR_INPUT itfAlarmFilterCriteria: AlarmManager.IAlarmFilterCriteria; END_VAR Method implementation (others related to the interface are empty) METHOD GetFilterCriteria : AlarmManager.IAlarmFilterCriteria // see VAR_INPUT for filter GetFilterCriteria := itfAlarmFilterCriteria; Off course you have to add the AlarmManager to your application and add some alarms to it.
Last updated: 2025-09-02

Post by yannickasselin on Lenze i950 Servo and WAGO PFC200 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I don't have time to go through the whole manual but as I said earlier, the servo drive does not support any of the modes needed for SoftMotion Light to work. If you want to use the full SoftMotion, you could use SMC_Homing function block to do the homing. This function block does not use the Homing Mode. It still uses the CSP mode and does the logic in Codesys runtime instead of in the servo drive. Read the documentation about it to see if it fits your needs. But if your controller only supports SoftMotion Light, I am afraid you will not be able to use the i950. I do a lot of motion stuff with different servo brands. Some support all the modes needed for SoftMotion Light and some don't. You really need to make sure the modes are supported before choosing a brand over another. I tend not to use brand specific controllers in order not to be limited by their supported features. I usually choose a PC (Linux or Windows) and install the Codesys runtime and licences myself. This is the most flexible way to use Codesys in my opinion. Depending on how many axes are needed in your project, a full SoftMotion license may not be more expensive than SoftMotion Light because SoftMotion is available as Application based license whereas SoftMotion Light is not. But of course, SoftMotion is harder on the CPU than SoftMotion Light.
Last updated: 2026-02-13

Post by alex-at-xana on EThercat Dynamic configuration ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi Everyone, For a fast monitoring system I am using Ethercat oversampling and timestamping inputs. As the customers has a lot of different configurations out in the field, we went for a dynamic Ethercat configuration. Already got the whole detection chain working but now I am stuck since two days in debugging the configuration. Here are my quesitons: I extended the dynamic config example for the EL3632 16#0E303052: //EL3632 pSlave^.SetDCSettings(TRUE,TRUE,80,80,TRUE,4000,0,0); pSlave^.AddSyncManager(16#1000,128,16#26,TRUE,3); pSlave^.AddSyncManager(16#1080,128,16#22,TRUE,2); pSlave^.AddSyncManager(16#1100,0,16#4,TRUE,1); pSlave^.AddSyncManager(16#1110,214,16#20,TRUE,0); pSlave^.AddFMMU(0,214,0,7,16#1110,0,1,1); pSlave^.AddFMMU(0,1,0,0,16#80D,0,1,1); xKnown := TRUE; This leads to a PLL Error for these devices. I double and triple checked the configuraton, but cannot find the issue. There seems to be one difference: the config dialog creates a startup parameter: 16#10F3:16#05, Name: Command_0, Value:0. Bitlen: 16, Stop on fault: false, jumpt at fault: false: next line: 0 a) I do not find information on how to set this in my code. Can you help me there? b) Without trying to set the value, I get a PLL error for these devices in the master log. Is the config wrong? c) Do I need to set the Master to Autoconfigure or Manual? I used autoconfigure for my tests. The stack creates input data addresses for the slaves input data range (pSlaves[i].InputData) which are different from those created when I use the Engineering tools dialogs to configure Ethercat. Specifically, the addresses seem to be aligned at 16 byte boundaries when they are created using the engineering tool, but may appear at uneven addresses when I use the script in dynamic config. I did not try to access ULINT at uneven addresses yet, but I am suspecting this may be a problem. Do I need to manually align the addresses ? Any help is appreciated...
Last updated: 2024-09-10

Post by alexgooi on OPC-UA and other communication questions ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Dear forum, I currently have a big question mark above my head, and maybe this forum can shine some light on the situation. I recently updated to Codesys 3.15 SP19 Patch 6. And now I’m trying to setup the OPC-UA server, besides that I’m trying to connect to the controller with the Codesys V3 (Ethernet) protocol. OPC-UA I have installed the correct licenses on my controller (Runtime and communication). I’m able to connect to the controller with an OPC-UA client, and I’m able to browse the tags, so far so good. Therefore I’m assuming that the OPC-UA server is running on the controller. But now the strange part, in the device security settings I have set the communication Policy to BASCI256SHA256 ( I also have tried the other ones) and the communication mode is set to secure if possible (I also have tried all the other ones) (see picture). With these settings I would assume that I would only be able to login with a Basic256SHA256 policy with a client. But the opposite is true, I am able to login using the no policy mode and when I set it to Basic256SHA256 the client (UA-Expert) notes that this policy is not available on the server. I then check the certificates and I noted that there is no certificate for the OPC-UA server, I tried to generate one but it gave the error that the certificate has not been created by the device (See picture). To summarize I have no clue what is going on, and the controller does the opposite of what I would expect. Codesys Ethernet V3 driver I have a HMI connected to the same controller using the Ethernet V3 driver. But this will not connect. I tried all the Protocols (see picture), with and without the username and password enabled. But it will not connect, when I scan the available servers I can see the controller with the port number that I am expecting, so I’m assuming that the Codesys V3 ethernet driver is up on the controller. Does anyone can give me some direction, because the stuff that I tried doesn’t make sense to me. Thank you in advance
Last updated: 2024-04-02

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