Post by pauloricardoss on Codesys Control Raspberry PI 4.10.0 - missing 'Update Raspberry PI' option ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am having the same problem. 'Update Raspberry PI' disappeared from the 'Tools' menu. Using RaspberryPI 3B+, Codesys V3.5 Sp21 + RaspberryPI Package 4.16. I installed the package as Administrator, executed Codesys as Administrator I also tried to connect using the deploy (even with ssh and everything enabled on the RaspberryPi I received password denied). I used in the past the same equipment with Codesys V3.5 Sp18 and RaspberryPI Package 4.08, it was really easy. (I also did a brand new RaspbianOs installation to make sure that nothing affect the connection). Anyone, knows how to fix it? Thanks,
Last updated: 2025-06-13

Post by riccardo on Web Browser special tools errors ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Goodmoning everyone, I hope a codesys tecnichian will see this post. I serched on the forum and I found many topic about this tool but very few reaplies. I am tring to use the Web Browser tool, but it doesn't seem to work properly. I put several links in several forms: https://google.com http://google.com/ http://www.google.com http://www.google.com/ http://www.studiojomega.it/ . . . https://192.168.1.101/u-os-app-codesys/application/visualization/webvisu.htm But I obtain always errors; mainly 400 and 404 and in the normal visu this message appears "www.Google.com has refuse the connection". Is the codesys browser able to work as every other browser or has it some limitation? There is some particular precaution to consider when I pass the link to the codesys browser? Thanks in advance, Riccardo
Last updated: 2024-02-29

Post by khaledkhalil on Import OPC UA model to Codesys ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I have added a models in SiOME which a software to design nodes and add instances. and created a resultant xml file. I tried to import the xml file to Codesys through OPC UA information model Repository the problem i don't know how to view my objects which i have designed. and map it to my PLC to make viewable on my server UaExpert. I watched the tutorial video https://youtu.be/aJhzN3Uk-Do?feature=shared. But it only give you how to add the Information model, and my resultant model doesn't have information type. So how in Codesys i can view a model which i have designed in SiOME and mapped my instances (Objects, Variable or methods) with my Variables in PLC I saw people do it in Tia Portal or other Software, but i have no clue how to do it on CODESYS
Last updated: 2024-03-12

Post by mp9876 on Problems with simulation in Window 10 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi Automa, it seems the solution you were bringing up on 2022-04-06 could really help me as I did not remember the password I initially set. My problem though is that I am using Codesys Control Win V3.5 SP19/60 (64 bit) and I cannot locate any of the files you listed up there. I have been looking inside folder: C:\Program Files\CODESYS 3.5.19.60\CODESYS\ and they appear not to be present at all neither in the CODESYS folder or any sub-folders. Uninstalling and re-installing unfortunately does not do the trick. Any idea how I could get out of the ditch on this issue ? Anyone else maybe ? Thanks
Last updated: 2024-03-18

Post by dat422 on CODESYS crashes when adding standard OPC UA Information Model to Communication Manager ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi all, I am experiencing a problem when trying to add a standard OPC UA Information Model to the Communication Manager. When I try to add the following standard information models to a new or existing project http://opcfoundation.org/UA (15.07.2020) http://opcfoundation.org/UA/DI (02.06.2020) CODESYS crashes every time during the process. Adding an OPC UA Server itself works without any problem. The crash only happens when adding the standard OPC UA Information Model. CODESYS version: CODESYS V3.5 SP20 Patch 4 (64 bit) Has anyone experienced the same issue or knows a possible workaround? Thank you in advance.
Last updated: 2026-03-19

Post by solidlogicguy on Little endian to Float from Modbus RTU ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I got a device from which I require to read values from I am using a WAGO PLC 750-8212 and I am communicating through Modbus Master FUNCTION BLOCK from library WagoAppPLCModbus in Codesys 3.5 to this device. I already receive data from the device that is a CVM to monitor voltage from a fuel cell. The technical support of the company that makes these devices says that the data is sent in little endian form. And I want to convert it to a float value. The tech support sent me the next instructions of how to do it but I am new using codesys, so any advice or help I will really appreciate so much. Message from tech support: The process is complicated, better to do it with already implemented library in the language/program you use. Basically the process should be next: To convert the two Modbus registers containing parts of a 32-bit float in little-endian byte order to a floating-point number using mathematical operations, you first need to combine the two 16-bit integers (assuming reg1 is the lower word and reg2 is the higher word) and then interpret the result according to the IEEE 754 standard. Given: - Register 192 (reg1) = 4096 - Register 193 (reg2) = 14884 Step 1: Combine the two registers. Since we are dealing with little-endian byte order, reg2 is the high word, and reg1 is the low word: combined = reg2 * 2^16 + reg1 combined = 14884 * 65536 + 4096 combined = 975175680 + 4096 combined = 975179776 Step 2: Convert the combined value to binary: combined_binary = '1110101101011100000000000000000' Step 3: Split the binary into IEEE 754 components: Sign bit (1 bit): 0 Exponent (8 bits): 11101011 Mantissa (23 bits): 01011100000000000000000 Step 4: Convert the binary exponent to decimal and subtract the bias (127 for 32-bit floats): exponent = int('11101011', 2) - 127 exponent = 235 - 127 exponent = 108 Step 5: Calculate the mantissa as a fraction: The mantissa in IEEE 754 format is the fractional part after the leading 1 (which is implicit). Therefore, we need to convert the binary mantissa to decimal and add the implicit leading 1: mantissa_fractional = 1 + int('01011100000000000000000', 2) / 2^23 mantissa_fractional = 1 + 18688 / 8388608 mantissa_fractional = 1 + 0.002227783203125 mantissa_fractional ≈ 1.002227783203125 Step 6: Combine the sign, exponent, and mantissa to get the float value: float_value = (-1)^0 * mantissa_fractional * 2^exponent float_value = 1 * 1.002227783203125 * 2^108 Because the exponent is quite large, the resulting float value is a very large number.
Last updated: 2023-12-15

Post by davidbo on Clean old license into an image SD ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
That might not be enough using CODESYS V3.5 SP20 and CODESYS Control for Raspberry Pi MC SL version: 4.11 I deleted .cmact_license directory. I installed new license and the dialog box said it was done successfully, but in reality it was not. What more should be deleted 5:/var/opt/codesys$ ls -la total 1948 drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Nov 17 12:29 . drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Jul 30 2020 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100014 Nov 17 12:08 .Audit_0.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100040 Nov 17 11:30 .Audit_1.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100062 Nov 17 09:18 .Audit_2.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 66260 Nov 17 12:36 .Audit.log drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 2020 backup -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2640 Feb 22 2024 bacstac.ini drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 30 2020 cert drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 17 12:29 .cmact_licenses drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 2020 _cnc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1000088 Nov 17 08:35 codesyscontrol_0.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 422521 Nov 17 12:30 codesyscontrol.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 355 Nov 17 12:29 .GroupDatabase.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 355 Nov 17 12:19 .GroupDatabase.csv_ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 17 11:16 OPCUAServer drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 30 2020 .pki drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Nov 17 11:16 PlcLogic -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 156 Mar 30 2020 rts_set_baud.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20736 Feb 22 2024 .SoftContainer_CmEmbedded.wbb -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12445 Nov 17 09:06 SysFileMap.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1983 Feb 22 2024 .UFC_SoftContainer_CmEmbedded.WibuC mLif -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 646 Nov 17 09:51 .UserDatabase.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 646 Nov 17 09:51 .UserDatabase.csv_ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17305 Nov 17 12:29 .UserMgmtRightsDB.csv drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 2020 visu -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32684 Feb 8 2023 WibuCtxt.ctx
Last updated: 2025-11-17

Post by koerbejm on Probleme beim aktivieren von Lizenzen ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Liebe Codesys-Gemeinde, ich habe folgendes Problem und bitte um Hilfe: Um eine auf meinem dem Raspberry Pi laufende Steuerung ohne große Mühe duplizieren zu können, habe ich mir ein Image der SD Karte mit Win32 Diskimager erstellt. Dieses konnte ich bisher ohne weitere Probleme auf eine weitere Micro-SD karte ausrollen. Anschließend habe ich mich via Putty auf den PI geschaltet, die vorherige Lizenz (die ja für den vorheringen PI zulässig war) gelöscht über - sudo su - rm -r /var/opt/codesys/cmact_licenses/ - reboot Um dann via Codesys 3.5 SP16 Patch 4 eine neue Lizenznummer ">>Tools>Lizenzmanager>Lizenz aktivieren" zu aktivieren und das wars. Durch die Umstellung des Lizensierungsverfahrens klappt diese Variante nun nicht mehr. Ich habe mir neue Lizenzen von Codesys gekauf, doch sobald ich diese in die Ticket-ID eintrage und aktivieren möchte bekomme ich folgende Fehlermeldung: ReturnCode: 403046401, An internal error has occured. Please try it again later. (siehe Bild im Anhang "Fehler_Codesys3.5V16.png") Ich habe dann meine Codesys-Version auf Version 3.5 SP20 geupdated und das selbe versucht mit dem Resultat, dass ich nun folgende Fehlermeldung erhalte: "Der ausgewählte Container "...." paßt nicht zu Ihrem Ticket. Bitte wählen Sie einen passenden aus." --> Siehe Bild im Anhang "Fehler_Codesys3.5V120.png" Was genau kann/muss ich tun, damit ich einfach wie bisher meine Steuerungen duplizieren kann? Verwendete Hardware: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ Verwendete Lizenz: Codesys Control Basic L Viele Grüße und Danke, Jan
Last updated: 2024-10-23

Post by x97tommi on XMLWriteAsync erzeugt keine XML-Datei unter CODESYS Control Win V3, obwohl NO_ERROR gemeldet wird ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Ich versuche, mit dem Funktionsbaustein XMLWriteAsync eine XML-Datei zu erstellen, aber die Datei wird nicht erzeugt, obwohl der Funktionsbaustein NO_ERROR meldet. Ich habe sowohl meinen eigenen Code als auch das CODESYS-Beispiel getestet, aber in beiden Fällen wird keine Datei geschrieben. Ich arbeite mit CODESYS Control Win V3 als SoftPLC unter Windows. Problem: • Der Funktionsbaustein XMLWriteAsync meldet NO_ERROR (keine Fehler in xError, eError, oder eLastError), aber die XML-Datei wird weder im angegebenen Pfad (C:\Users\tomgs\Documents\CodesysDataTest\xmltest.xml) noch im res/-Verzeichnis (wie im CODESYS-Beispiel verwendet) erstellt. • Das CODESYS-Beispiel mit res/xmltest.xml als Pfad funktioniert ebenfalls nicht. • Ich aktiviere xExecute manuell in der Online-Ansicht, und xDone wird TRUE, ohne dass xError ausgelöst wird. • Der Ordner C:\Users\tomgs\Documents\CodesysDataTest\ existiert, und ich habe Schreibrechte. • Ich habe auch alternative Pfade wie C:\Temp\xmltest.xml und res/xmltest.xml getestet, ohne Erfolg. Im Anhang das Beispiel von Codesys. Vielen Dank im Vorraus.
Last updated: 2025-07-16

Post by pouyavakili on Execute Codesys Tests with python ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
❓ Issue: TestManager Not Available in Python Script (AttributeError) 🙏 Question: Why does project.get_testmanager() not work in scripting, even though Test Manager is installed and licensed, and the script runs in GUI mode? Is there a way to ensure the Test Manager interface is loaded or accessible from the scripting environment? 🧠 Summary: I'm trying to automate test execution using the CODESYS scripting engine (Python) via a script that opens a project, builds the application, and runs tests from a TestRepository.xml. Although the Test Manager works manually in the IDE, it fails when accessed via script with the following error: AttributeError: 'ScriptObject' object has no attribute 'testmanager' 🧪 Test Setup: CODESYS version: 3.5.21.10 Test Manager: Installed and licensed (works in the IDE manually) Project: Contains a test repository, which can be executed via the GUI Script execution method: powershell Start-Process -FilePath "C:\Program Files\CODESYS 3.5.21.10\CODESYS\Common\CODESYS.exe" ` -ArgumentList @( '--profile="CODESYS V3.5 SP21 Patch 1"', '--runscript="C:\Scripts\run_tests.py"' ) -Wait 📜 Script Summary: python project = projects.open(project_path) application = project.active_application application.build() This fails: testmanager = project.get_testmanager() ❗ Problem: Calling project.get_testmanager() or application.testmanager throws an AttributeError, even though the same project and test repository work in the GUI.
Last updated: 2025-07-23

Post by user0815 on Kommunikation zwischen ROS2 und CODESYS über Web Sockets ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo zusammen, ich hoffe ihr könnt mir weiterhelfen. Meine CODESYS Version ist die V3.5 SP19 Patch 4 und die Zielsystemversion ist die 4.10.0.0 . Ich verwende CODESYS ohne Lizenz. Ich probiere eine Verbindung über Web Sockets zwischen ROS und CODESYS aufzubauen. Der Client von CODESYS verbindet sich mit dem Ros Bridge Server aber ich weiß nicht wie ich dem Ros Server sage welches Topic er publishen soll. Über Node-Red habe ich eine Verbindung aufbauen können. Dafür habe ich "node-red-contrib-flowake-ros-nodes" verwendet. Den Daten Austausch habe ich mit mit Wireshark angeschaut und nun probiere ich den mithilfe von CODESYS nachzubauen. NAch dem sich der Client verbunden hat muss folgende Nachricht übermittelt werden:"{"op":"call_service","id":"call_service:/rosapi/topic_type:1","type":"rosapi/TopicType","args":{"topic":"/cmd_vel"}}." Ich vermute es funktioniert über Frames aber ich weiß nicht wie ich es umsetzten soll. Besten Dank für die Hilfe und schöne Grüße
Last updated: 2024-01-03

Post by mp9876 on Device logon problem following fresh install ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
All screenshots are enclosed in MS Word document. NOTE; 4 questions features at the end. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated! Hi everyone, I am still having device logon problem following a fresh install Here are the STEPS I went through following a FRESH CODESYS Win 64 3.5.19.60 install on a different computer. ‘Gateway not configured properly’ when attempting to REFRESH from the Users and Groups. Then did Gateway manage and confirmed it was ok: This message popped out as it was a fresh install: YES then: Initially went with Administrator twice (user & password) but it did not like it. No device is responding to …: Continued by setting a new user Pressed OK and obtained the following message: Stopped and Restarted PLC at that point: Obtained the following: Attempted to login a 2nd time without success. Then I scanned the network to see if matching device can be detected: Only way to get it detected was to remove the tick in the ‘Hide non-matching devices…’ Attempted a WINK but got a return like this one: REFRESH either @ Users and Groups or @ Access Rights returns: Then created user ‘mp’ at Project level ang logged in: Understandably device user mp9876 was not valid for the Project. Device information A few questions comes to my mind following these connection attempts: 1- Gateway not configured properly message pops out because of a non-compatible device ? 2- Why would the device not be compatible ? 3- Any way to make the device compatible ? 4- Any ideas on how to get this connectivity problem to the device solved ?
Last updated: 2024-03-17

Post by edson-bueno on SysProcess Execute Command unable to run commands with special characters ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I found the same issue, and I fixed with this steps: 1st go to codesys .cfg file. sudo nano CODESYSControl.cfg Then insert this: [SysProcess] BasePriority=Realtime Command=AllowAll Now we need to grant codesys root rights on Linux. Step 1: Create or edit the systemd override configuration: sudo systemctl edit codesyscontrol In the editor that opens, insert: [Service] User=root Save and exit: Press Ctrl+O to save Press Ctrl+X to exit Step 2: Reload systemd and reboot To apply the override: sudo systemctl daemon-reexec sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo reboot Step 3: Confirm CODESYS is running as root After reboot, open the terminal and run: ps aux | grep codesyscontrol You should see something like: root 1234 ... /opt/codesys/bin/codesyscontrol.bin ... If instead it shows admin or another user, the override was not applied correctly. Step 4: (Optional) Confirm from within CODESYS In your CODESYS project, insert this test code to run the Linux command whoami: Make sure the lib SysProcessImplementation, SysTypes, and CmpErrors is on the project. VAR sCommand : STRING := '/usr/bin/whoami'; sOutput : STRING(255); refCommand : REFERENCE TO STRING; refOutput : REFERENCE TO STRING; resultCmd : UDINT; END_VAR refCommand REF= sCommand; refOutput REF= sOutput; SysProcessExecuteCommand2( pszCommand := refCommand, pszStdOut := refOutput, udiStdOutLen := SIZEOF(sOutput), pResult := ADR(resultCmd) ); Notes & Warnings This method gives full system access to the CODESYS runtime — do not expose this system to the public network without protection. Do not use sudo in commands inside CODESYS when the runtime is already running as root. @tomas111, in case you want to read the temperatur, use this command: sCommand:STRING:='/usr/bin/vcgencmd measure_temp';
Last updated: 2025-05-20

Post by mozed on Connection to device closed ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, Exulting the command /opt/CoDeSysControl/Files/run restart debug I get this response from the linux terminal:(ScreenShot1 to ScreenShot7) When I try to reconnect via codesys this line appears at the linux terminal level:(ScreenShot8) A few seconds later, the error window appears on Codesys.(ScreenShot9) I see that following the command /opt/CoDeSysControl/Files/run restart debug there are errors, are they the problem? Sincerely,
Last updated: 2023-08-24

Post by john-ronald on Communication error (#0), logout performed,please check if plc is connected ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I have the same problem. However I am using ethernet connection not USB. I can ping the PLC and also connect to it via Wago ethernet settings, but I cannot upload using the Codesys 2.3. My PLC is Wago 750-862. The detailed error is - " connect: Connection refused Write attempt from invalid socket. " Any help would be appreciated.
Last updated: 2023-09-11

Post by albertisa on GPIO Konfiguration auf SK-AM64B ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo, seit einigen Tagen versuche ich erfolglos eine Ansteuerung der GPIOs des SK-AM64B Entwicklungsboards (Texas Instruments) über Codesys zu bewerkstelligen. Bei dem Versuch GPIOs anzusteuern, ohne die devdesc.xml bzw. den iodriver anzupassen, wird mir von Codesys die Fehlermeldung "Bus läuft nicht" (siehe Screenshot) angezeigt. Welche Vorgehensweise wird zur Konfiguration der IO empfohlen? Ist eine Anpassung der devdesc.xml und des IOdrivers notwendig? Wie wird am besten bei der Anpassung der genannten Dateien vorgegangen? Folgende Dokumentation ist mir bekannt, hat mir aber noch nicht weitergeholfen: https://forge.codesys.com/drv/io-drivers/doc/Generic/
Last updated: 2023-09-19

Post by damian177 on Codesys and SMS in RPi ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi, I try use IIoT library to send and receive SMS by Raspbery PI and Codesys. I installed IIoT package and added the SMS library, But something is wrong, when I init communication it doesn't work, When I sniffer my communication (AT commands) beetwen RS232 RaspberryPi and my GSM modem I have only below commands: AT+CMEE=1 OK AT+CPIN? +CPIN: READY Anyone have idea what can be wrong ?
Last updated: 2023-09-28

Post by tehthoams on Find Function: Object reference not set to an instance of an object. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey, Sorry this isn't super helpful, but i had this problem once and was able to resolve it. I can't recall how I solved it and whether it was a problem with my codesys installation or the project itself. If it is the codesys installation, make sure all your required libraries and plugins are installed and available. compare with a colleagues installation if possible. I vaguely recall saving a copy of my project and deleting things one by one until the error went away...
Last updated: 2023-10-30

Post by tehthoams on Find Function: Object reference not set to an instance of an object. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey, Sorry this isn't super helpful, but i had this problem once and was able to resolve it. I can't recall how I solved it and whether it was a problem with my codesys installation or the project itself. If it is the codesys installation, make sure all your required libraries and plugins are installed and available. compare with a colleagues installation if possible. I vaguely recall saving a copy of my project and deleting things one by one until the error went away...
Last updated: 2023-10-30

Post by ekristoffe on Beispieldateien finden / Inhalt der Packages ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello @eschwellinger, Why not using one of those 2 folders: C:\ProgramData\CODESYS C:\Users\Public\Documents\CODESYS The main reason is depending on the company and the user right, the end user may not have the access to use those folders. Also having a non version dependent folder may help if the end user uninstall a previous version and forgot all its sample project where in this previous version installation. Thanks.
Last updated: 2023-11-24

Post by song on How to convert a standard robot program into an excutive list when a robot runs? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Dear Sir, I'd like to learn and try to make robot based on Codesys, is there a FB block or other ways to convert a standard robot program into an excutive list? how codesys explain the robot command instructions on HMI, just like the SMC_NCDecoder used to convert CNC program into a list of SMC_GEOINFO object. Thanks very much! Peter Yan
Last updated: 2023-11-25

Post by timvh on Management of a PLC network from a remote station ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Maybe the CODESYS HMI is a good solution. https://store.codesys.com/en/codesys-hmi-sl-bundle.html Run this on the remote main control station. In the HMI application you can add the data source manager and to this manager you can add Data sources. A data source has a reference to the PLC you want to connect to and can get access to the variables of the PLC application. You can then use these variables in the visualization of the HMI application.
Last updated: 2023-12-04

Post by schweizer on Position und Größe optimal anpassen (Container.Height - Visu.Height) funktioniert nicht. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hallo Forum Hat jemand Erfahrung mit dem Optimalem anpassen der Position und Grösse der Visualisierungselemente? Bei uns funktioniert in der Codesys 3.5 SP20 nur die Anpassung auf der x-Achse mit (Container.Width - Visu.Width). Die y-Achse wird jedoch mit (Container.Height - Visu.Height) nicht beeinflusst. Wir haben dies nach dem Beispiel von Codesys "Position und Größe optimal anpassen" umgesetzt und keinen Erfolg. Besten Dank für eure Hilfe.
Last updated: 2024-07-29

Post by mrbartpawlowski on OMAC PackML library 1.0.04 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello all, Can someone point me to the OMAC PackML State Machine library documentation, I can't find any description of the block functionality ? I was looking into https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/libs/index.html but there's no PackML there. I'm new to Codesys and don't know if I'm doing something wrong here ? In library tab in codesys whenever I want to see documentation I'm getting an error. Regards Bart
Last updated: 2024-08-15

Post by mrbartpawlowski on OMAC PackML library 1.0.04 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello all, Can someone point me to the OMAC PackML State Machine library documentation, I can't find any description of the block functionality ? I was looking into https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/libs/index.html but there's no PackML there. I'm new to Codesys and don't know if I'm doing something wrong here ? In library tab in codesys whenever I want to see documentation I'm getting an error. Regards Bart
Last updated: 2024-08-15

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