Post by jaspergain on Non-existing identifiers ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I got a bit of a weird issue going on which is kind of annoying. So recently we switched a lot of Modbus IO to EtherCAT, as we were having issues with stability. All works fine, which is great. But sometimes when I change the program I get errors claiming that identifiers are not defined. Meaning I can't go online. See the picture below. I believe this is because some of these identifiers were used with Modbus, and they weren't properly removed/deleted? A clean all temporary fixes the issue, but it comes back again after a while of changing the code, and building. Any way to fix these non-existing required identifiers, or even find out where they are required? Thanks for the help in advance. Jasper.
Last updated: 2024-05-29

Post by installwhat on C0077 on one machine but not another ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I have a version of codesys 3.5.16 on my local machine and a vm. The local machine has loads of codesys versions and libraries installed etc. I can open the FPosCR_Example_Project_SP16_patch1 project on my vm without any errors. On the local machine I get the error C0077: unknown type IoDrvEthercatLib.ETC_CO_SdoWrite. I can, on the local machine, declare a var of type IoDrvEthercatLib.ETC_CO_SdoWrite and include it in the code without adding an extra error. The problem only seems to affect the library. This is seems more an issue with my codesys set up rather than something with festo. I would like to know the possible causes. I understand most of the library manager features but it's not clear how to find the cause. Thanks
Last updated: 2024-06-11

Post by mborchert on PFC100 Error "Bus not running" ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, i currently want to use a wago 750-8102 with the "codesys control for pfc100" runtime. I want to add the devices connected to the internal pfc100 bus via the "search devices" tab. This was reccommended in the following thread: https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Deutsch/thread/7701332199/ But whenever i try to search for devices codesys just doesnt find anything and i cant close the "search devices" window. Has anyone got an idea what the problem might be? I already tried adding the devices connected to the pfc100 manually but the bus just doesn´t start. best regards Moritz
Last updated: 2024-06-17

Post by fari on Configure J1939 I/O Mapping via Scripting ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi everyone, With the latest version of Codesys, it’s now possible to import DBC files directly into the J1939 Manager, which is great. However, I’m trying to achieve the same thing programmatically and can’t find any scripting functions related to import_dbc or any host_parameter that would let me configure PGNs and signal mappings automatically. So far, I’ve managed to add the J1939 Manager and an ECU, and I can pass the DBC database to it, but I’m stuck when it comes to adding the signals. Has anyone figured out if this can be done through scripting? (Attached is an illustration of what I am trying to accomplish programmatically). Thanks in advance.
Last updated: 2025-10-24

Post by msegon on OPC UA Client failed to connect ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi everyone, I would appreciate your help with a problem I've been working on for a few days but haven't been able to resolve. I'm trying to read data from Tridium Niagara 4.15 OPC UA Server, but I get the error BadCertificateInvalid. As far as I understand, you need to add a CA certificate somewhere to establish a secure connection, but I don't know where. 2025-10-27T09:06:43.247Z, 0x0000008d, 4, 0, 0, * ERROR: OpcUa_Channel_BeginConnect: Cannot create secure channel without certificates! 2025-10-27T09:06:43.247Z, 0x00001090, 4, 0, 0, * ERROR: Datasource: Error Failed (268468242) in state Connecting I tried communicating without encryption, but it doesn't find the point. Has anyone managed to establish encrypted OPC UA communication?
Last updated: 2025-10-28

Post by miltos on licensing question ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Greetings to all, I'm working on a webvisu project on control win V3 x64 runtime, and have purchased 3 licenses for my application. -Codesys Control Standard M -Codesys Visualization L -Codesys Communication M I have them installed on a Codesys usb dongle When I try to download the program, a login error window appears with the message "No valid license found for the webvisualization". The control win v3 communicates with 3 plc, and have enabled communication over codesys V3 communication by adding one datasource for every plc in the datamanager. If I remove the data manager from the project, the rest of the visualisation can be downloaded normally. Do I need to purchase another License and which one? Please find attached the software metrics and the error screen.
Last updated: 2025-10-31

Post by pernockham on Trend legend naming and access/config to/of trend/legend-variables ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Trying the web-version of trend-data. This seems to be a impressive tool, but I lack/cant find a number of what I would think are important parts. There does not seem to be a way to get away from the dot.notated variable naming in the legend.. A developer might want the dot-notation but an end-customer will surely not. For instance I want to display 12 temperatures, instead of t1, t2 etc.. they will be named. gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t1_a gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t1_b gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t1_c gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t2_a .. gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t4_b.. gvl_io.unit[1].trend.temps.t4_c.. Quite a lot of unnecessary text/data taking space from the actual trend => Is there a way to access/interface the legend-data programmatically so I can change the presentation/naming?
Last updated: 2025-12-16

Post by eschwellinger on CmpCharDevice blocks gpiochip access on Raspberry Pi 5 since update from SP18 to SP21 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
yes, this is a known issue which will be fixed with 3.5.23.0 .. soll will take some time. You need to switch back the runtime running not as dedicated user, like it was before 4.21.0.0 How to switch back you'll find here. ('Change service user' in the deploy tool) https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Control/_rtsl_linux_dedicated_user.html to sumerize both problems: 1. missing entries in CODESYSControl_Usr.cfg was the problem on Raspberry PI Runtime 2. Arm64 SL is running rootless by default since 4.21.0.0 ( Pi not by default you need to switch manually if needed due this GPIO restriction)
Last updated: 2026-07-22

Post by baotthitawat on Cloud SCADA for Industrial Energy Monitoring ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Recently I’ve been exploring ATSCADA iEnergy Tools for SCADA-based energy monitoring systems. One thing I find interesting is how modern SCADA platforms are evolving beyond traditional machine monitoring. Many industrial systems are now using Cloud SCADA architectures for centralized energy management, remote dashboards, and operational analytics. ATSCADA iEnergy Tools supports: Real-time energy monitoring Historical data logging MySQL integration Reporting and Excel export Remote SCADA dashboards Cloud-based monitoring systems I think this type of solution is practical for factories, power monitoring applications, building management systems, and other industrial automation projects where energy optimization is becoming increasingly important. Industrial automation is clearly moving toward web-based and cloud-connected SCADA platforms, especially as more facilities focus on digital transformation and smarter energy management
Last updated: 2026-05-26

Post by baotthitawat on Cloud SCADA for Industrial Energy Monitoring ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Recently I’ve been exploring ATSCADA iEnergy Tools for SCADA-based energy monitoring systems. One thing I find interesting is how modern SCADA platforms are evolving beyond traditional machine monitoring. Many industrial systems are now using Cloud SCADA architectures for centralized energy management, remote dashboards, and operational analytics. ATSCADA iEnergy Tools supports: Real-time energy monitoring Historical data logging MySQL integration Reporting and Excel export Remote SCADA dashboards Cloud-based monitoring systems I think this type of solution is practical for factories, power monitoring applications, building management systems, and other industrial automation projects where energy optimization is becoming increasingly important. Industrial automation is clearly moving toward web-based and cloud-connected SCADA platforms, especially as more facilities focus on digital transformation and smarter energy management
Last updated: 2026-05-26

Post by brouwyka on JSONByteArrayWriter problem? ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey there! I am currently running into the exact same issue. The JsonData object has all inexes & parent indexes in the way I expect, everything is correctly "linked". It purely seems that the writer is incorrectly parsing said JsonData, not based on parent & child index, but on something else that breaks it and puts things at the root, instead of the specified parent index. Did you ever manage to find a solution, or another way of achieving your JSON composing? I'm currently working on Codesys V3.5 SP19 Patch 7 with IIOT Libraries SL 1.13.0.0, specifically JSON Utilities SL 1.13.0.0 (to send requests to APIs with JSON bodies using Web Client SL 1.13.0.0).
Last updated: 2026-06-08

Post by brouwyka on JSON Utilities - JSON file written with invalid structure ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hey there! I am currently running into the exact same issue (and have also posted to a similar post here: https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Engineering/thread/c45929e2f1/#e27f). The JsonData object has all inexes & parent indexes in the way I expect, everything is correctly "linked". It purely seems that the writer is incorrectly parsing said JsonData, not based on parent & child index, but on something else that breaks it and puts things at the root, instead of the specified parent index. Did you ever manage to find a solution, or another way of achieving your JSON composing? I'm currently working on Codesys V3.5 SP19 Patch 7 with IIOT Libraries SL 1.13.0.0, specifically JSON Utilities SL 1.13.0.0 (to send requests to APIs with JSON bodies using Web Client SL 1.13.0.0).
Last updated: 2026-06-08

Post by domebruce on TCP communication and TCP Streams ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I'm doing some tests with TCP communication using Reader, Writer and TCP_Process components from NBS 4.0. I'm having a really hard time finding documentation and examples on these components. I found a very simple and incomplete example here: https://forge.codesys.com/prj/codesys-example/nbs/home/Home/. The documentation is also insufficient: it only provides the names of the FBs, Methods and their parameters, but no descriptions about how to use them. Do you have any suggestions on where to find more support? More generally, why is the free online CoDeSys documentation so poor? What do you think? Thanks Domenico Canavero
Last updated: 2026-06-16

Post by pruwetbe on Profinet IO-link master - IODD files ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, we have the same problem here. Our configuration in the following: Codesys V3.5 SP19 running on Exor Exware700Q Profinet network connected on Eth1 IOLink Master Turck TBEN-S2-4IOL version 3.5.9.0 IOLink sensors E+H & Sick (Pressure, T°) We installed the codesys IO link package and have the codesys IO Link SL licence activated (on a dongle) Our problem is the following: we got the IODD files from E+H & Sick we add the devices in the codesys device repository with success They appear in the devices tree under IODD branch We added the TBEN IOLink master under the Profinet IO . The IO link master are ok and display online. The IO-Link SL package datasheet indicate that there would be a way to scan the IOLink device from the network but we did not find any way to trigger this scan. (we expect to get this from a right click on each IO-Link Master module but the only possibility there is "Plug device") When clicking on Plug Device, we get a browse window with profinet IO modules. The IODD devices are not there so we cannot select them. But other devices for other brands are available and can be plugged. Our question are : 1) how do we update the Profinet IO Module catalogue in order to be able to plug the E+H & Sick Sensors that we have to work with? 2) how do we activate the Scan IOLlink device that is supposed to be included in the Codesys IO-link package? 3) where can we find the manual explaining how to use this package?
Last updated: 2024-11-12

Post by clarenced on Multiple applications on one device sharing variables. ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I am looking for an example of how to run 2 applications on 1 device that would have global variables shared between the two apps. In this case what I am trying to do is to have the main program logic run as one application and then have the visualization run as a second application. I find this https://us.store.codesys.com/media/n98_media_assets/files/000013-F/0/Multiple%20Applications_en.pdf, that talks about exactly what I want to do, but I can't find the download. The main reason I want to do this is for download speed. Right now it takes at least a minute to download our application to the PLC. A simple program downloads to the PLC in a very short time, but add visualization and the download time gets much longer. If I could download the program separately from the visualization I think that a simple program change would take very little time to download. I have tried create a GVL in the POUs view. This partly works in that both applications can see the GVL, but they each create their own instance of it and the variables are not shared between the two apps. There are ideas of using OPCUA but this raises problems with licensing and having to move any variable that needs to be shared into the Symbol Configuration. This adds a lot of management to keep this up to date. Any ideas would be appreciated thanks.
Last updated: 2025-02-20

Post by smeitink on Timeout Error in Modbus Communication with WAGO PFC200 and iEM2050 Meter using 750-652 Module ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hi all, I'm looking for help with an issue I've come across while trying to facilitate Modbus communication between a WAGO PFC200 PLC using a 750-652 communication module and an iEM2050 Series Single Phase Energy Meter. I believe to have everything wired and setup correcty, but I keep running into a "Error time out" message, and by now I don't really know what else to try. My setup is as follows: A PFC200 Wago PLC, which has 2 750-652 Serial Interfaces extension modules connected to its field bus. I'm using one of these to talk to a Schneider iEM2050 - kWh-meter over modbus. I have connected terminal 23 (A) of the iEM2050 to connector 6 (A) on the 750-652. I have connected terminal 24 (B) of the iEM2050 to connector 2 (B) of the 750-652. I'm using 200mm of twisted together wires to connected them both, and I have placed a 120 ohm resistor between A and B at both ends. I've attached relevant pinout images to this post. I then wrote a simple program that configures the Mobus port, as per the datasheet of the iEM2050. You can find an image of the relavent page attached to this post too. This is my program: PROGRAM PLC_PRG VAR Master: FbMbMasterSerial; xIsConnected: BOOL; xError: BOOL; iIndex: INT := 1; xTrigger: BOOL; utQuery : typMbQuery := ( bUnitId := 1, // The Modbus unit or slave address bFunctionCode := 4, // Function code for reading input registers uiReadAddress := 1829, // adress for the Power on off counter uiReadQuantity := 1 // Quantity of registers to read ); iStep: INT; oStatusModbus: WagoSysErrorBase.FbResult; utResponseModbus: typMbResponse; xConnect: BOOL := FALSE; delayTimer: TON; END_VAR Master( xConnect:= xConnect, I_Port:= _750_652_24_1, udiBaudrate:= 9600, usiDataBits:= 8, eParity:= WagoTypesCom.eTTYParity.Even, eStopBits:= WagoTypesCom.eTTYStopBits.One, eHandshake:= WagoTypesCom.eTTYHandshake.None, ePhysical:= WagoTypesCom.eTTYPhysicalLayer.RS485_HalfDuplex, xIsConnected=> xIsConnected, xError=> xError, oStatus=> oStatusModbus, eFrameType:= WagoAppPlcModbus.eMbFrameType.RTU, tTimeOut:= T#5S, utQuery:= utQuery, xTrigger:= xTrigger, utResponse:= utResponseModbus); delayTimer(IN := TRUE, PT := T#3S); // Use the Q output of the timer to set xConnect after the delay IF delayTimer.Q THEN xConnect := TRUE; END_IF CASE iStep OF 0: //Wacht totdat de master de poort geopend heeft IF xIsConnected THEN iStep := 1; END_IF 1: //Stuur request naar de slave xTrigger := TRUE; iStep := 2; 2: //Wacht totdat de master klaar is met het afhandelen van de request IF NOT xTrigger THEN iStep := 3; END_IF END_CASE The TON delay before opening the port is due to a an error I encountered when opening it straight away. This seems to be a bug, as described here. However, the TON solved that particular issue. I tried reading multiple registers, but like I said, I still always end up with the "Error time out". What else can I test or try at this point?
Last updated: 2024-02-24

Post by hwillems on Ranges, Lambdas, on Fixed arrays of structs ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I do datastructures and algorithms in Codesys. For example a Struct of Person with thing's like IdNumber, Name, Age etc. as example. Now i do all kind of calculations, filters. So i have this pretty big Fixed Array with Structs. On this struct i want to do simple stuff you can do easily in C++/Python/Rust etc. For example i want to do this: AvererageAge := Average(Peoples.Age); Then it will return the average of all members ages. Or Sort struct on age etc. Or sort on alphabetical Name. Or use Lambda functions to filter/mutate out things like, filter out everybody above 18 years old. Or remove people who it's name start with "A". Currently i have to write my own custom function for example sorting on Age. And make a super specific function based on that particulare datastructure. Here an Example: (*Before calling this FIlter method, set the mNodeFilterSwitch to the desired filter.*) CASE mNodeFilterSelect OF (********************************[ Status Filters ]***********************************) NodeID: FOR x := ACS_OUT_BEGIN TO ACS_OUT_END BY 1 DO FOR y := ACS_IN_BEGIN TO ACS_IN_END BY 1 DO IF marrNode[y].Status.oiNodeID > marrNode[y + 1].Status.oiNodeID THEN mNodeTemp := marrNode[y + 1]; marrNode[y + 1] := marrNode[y]; marrNode[y] := mNodeTemp; END_IF; END_FOR; END_FOR; Started: FOR x := DES_OUT_BEGIN TO DES_OUT_END BY -1 DO FOR y := DES_IN_BEGIN TO DES_IN_END BY -1 DO IF marrNode[y].Status.oxStarted > marrNode[y - 1].Status.oxStarted THEN mNodeTemp := marrNode[y - 1]; marrNode[y - 1] := marrNode[y]; marrNode[y] := mNodeTemp; END_IF; END_FOR; END_FOR; Starting: FOR x := DES_OUT_BEGIN TO DES_OUT_END BY -1 DO FOR y := DES_IN_BEGIN TO DES_IN_END BY -1 DO IF marrNode[y].Status.oxStarting > marrNode[y - 1].Status.oxStarting THEN mNodeTemp := marrNode[y - 1]; marrNode[y - 1] := marrNode[y]; marrNode[y] := mNodeTemp; END_IF; END_FOR; END_FOR; END_CASE; I have like 30+ of these in the enum. Not really DRY code right? These are custom made bubble sort filters in a function. You pass in the Datastructure, and say what function you want. (This is an enum collection of sorting functions) And then the Array with Nodes of Structs gets ordered. Why can't we have Iterators and Lambda's and build in standard functions like regular languages? Also i use bubble sort because it's the easiest to implement because i can't get this to code DRY. Problem with ST (Even the new one with classes) that it's very limited for programming datastructures and algorithms. Yes you still not want dynamic memory and you need to choose the correct algorithm so you know the most extreme edge cases regarding the time it takes to execute the algorithms.(Real-time execution) How are other people dealing with this? Here for example saw some software using an adjusted ST language and having FOR EACH possibility: https://www.fernhillsoftware.com/help/iec-61131/structured-text/st-for-each.html You can then build your own custom Iterator functions. I wish the IEC 61131-3 standard would be more expressive and having more standard modern features, but still keep close to the fact of no dynamics memory and real-time systems.
Last updated: 2023-08-31

Post by fabian on Sys Process Execute Command ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I have a question: Once the command is being executed, is there a way to kill it again? As the called application is running in the background, the user can't close it but it shall be closed/terminated, commanded by codesys. I have tried with "SysProcessTerminate" but I guess this is not correct as the RTE crashes when this function is called. Starting the application: IF GVL.xStrtQR THEN GVL.xStrtQR := FALSE; SysProcess.SysProcessExecuteCommand2(pszCommand:=sCmd, pszStdOut:=stdout, udiStdOutLen:= SIZEOF(stdout),pResult := ADR(GVL.pResQRTsk)); END_IF Trying to stop it again: IF GVL.xTrmQR THEN GVL.xTrmQR := FALSE; pResTerm := SysProcess.SysProcessTerminate(hProcess:=SysProcess.SysProcessGetCurrentHandle(pResult:=ADR(GVL.pResQRTsk))); END_IF Codesyscontrol Win x64, 3.5.19.10. Many thanks for any advice pointing to the correct direction.. :-) Regards, Fabian
Last updated: 2023-11-17

Post by jegerjon on Testing of Codesys program ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I have a simulation function that toggle xSimActive. I map all IO variables to "IO GVLs" when xSimActive=0. I map IO corresponding SimIO GVL to "IO GVLs" when xSimActive=1. Then I write code for the simulation program that runs when xSimActive=1. Typically increase flow corresponding to pump speed, simulate tankfilling corresponding to flow and so on. I made a FC that require a correct code to activate simulation to avoid unintended activation by service dept. When comissioned remove any possibility to activate simulation. Super when officetesting and supporting service dept. + cheap as it requires no additional equipment, and it is easier to support customer later on in the life cycle as you can test proposed changes without setting up a testlab.
Last updated: 2023-12-07

Post by jegerjon on Testing of Codesys program ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I have a simulation function that toggle xSimActive. I map all IO variables to "IO GVLs" when xSimActive=0. I map IO corresponding SimIO GVL to "IO GVLs" when xSimActive=1. Then I write code for the simulation program that runs when xSimActive=1. Typically increase flow corresponding to pump speed, simulate tankfilling corresponding to flow and so on. I made a FC that require a correct code to activate simulation to avoid unintended activation by service dept. When comissioned remove any possibility to activate simulation. Super when officetesting and supporting service dept. + cheap as it requires no additional equipment, and it is easier to support customer later on in the life cycle as you can test proposed changes without setting up a testlab.
Last updated: 2023-12-07

Post by xiaolo on Raspberry Pi 5 ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Does Ver. 4.12 support Raspberry Pi 5? I have three issues. The first issue is that Codesys cannot detect the RPI 5 when I want to download the runtime. When assigning the IP Address manually then I can download the runtime. The second issue is that I cannot connect to the RPI to download a program. Sometimes the window pops up and it ask for the user credentials, but it is still not connecting. The third issue is that I cannot connect to an ESP32 configured as a Modbus Slave with a Raspberry Pi 4B. I can connect to the ESP32 via a Radzio! Modbus Master Simulator. I am also missing the function Write Holding Registers in the setup of the slave. Are this known issues and when it will be solved?
Last updated: 2024-07-12

Post by amy123 on Alarm Manager Example Alarm Client doesn't Populate ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I tried to run the example project from https://forge.codesys.com/prj/codesys-example/alarm-manager/home/Home/ However, I can not get the interface for Alarm History 12 Alarm Manager client to populate with any alarms. 'udiResult := AlarmManager.g_AlarmHandler.RegisterClient(itfAlarmManagerClient12, ADR(arritfAlarmsFromHistory12), iMaxCountAlarmsFromHistory12);' when I look at itfAlarmManagerClient12 its always empty. What is confusing is that when I simulate 2 alarms, iCountActiveAlarms 12 has a vlaue of 2, associated with itfAlarmManagerClient12 - so that appears to work. And yet, its useless as the ProcessAlarms Function can't extract anything from the empty array. I dont understand how these arrays are supposed to be populated and why its not working. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Last updated: 2024-07-15

Post by askic on Generate FBs from source ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
Hello, I'm coming from Siemens (TIA) world and currently learning Codesys. I'd like to know if there is an option to add external txt file with ST code for creation of a function block and then use this file as a source file from which FB will be generated? For example, in TIA, there is an option add external source file to the project structure and then use option "Generate blocks from source". This would create a FB. Does Codesys have something similar? This external source file would look like this: FUNCTION_BLOCK Scaling VAR_INPUT x, k, n : REAL; END_VAR VAR_OUTPUT y : REAL; END_VAR VAR END_VAR y := k*x+n; END_FUNCTION_BLOCK
Last updated: 2024-07-31

Post by paulg on Converting hex bytes to float ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
I'll be capturing a hex stream over serial into a RasPi and I'd like to convert a group of bytes into a float. I see this is available (https://content.helpme-codesys.com/en/CODESYS%20Development%20System/cdsoperatorrealto.html) but not its inverse (i.e. BYTE_TO_REAL). The packets will be 18 bytes but I'll be selecting 4 byte segments from the middle, swapping byte endianness (i.e. changing 0x51847641 to 0x41768451), and converting to float; I believe they adhere to IEEE 754. Is there a pre-built function for some or all of this, or do I need to follow (https://forge.codesys.com/forge/talk/Engineering/thread/dc5829c7ea/)? Thanks!
Last updated: 2024-08-02

Post by trusty-squire on parker servo and position ^{CODESYS Forge talk (Post)}
@gepert, When you say "I do not turn off power", are you saying you don't power off the drive, or you don't turn of the MC_POWER function block? I read your statement as you don't kill actual electrical power. MC_POWER should stay enabled. @Gustavo, not related to problem at all, but when you say 1.6 Nm is only enough torque to unscrew a loose bottle cap, I think that's a bit low. A quick mental math I use is 1 Nm is almost the same force as 1kG applied to a 10cm wrench. So 1.6kG applied to a 10cm wrench is still not a huge force, but more than enough to be felt if trying to turn the shaft by hand.
Last updated: 2024-08-06

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